Morphological Aesthetics Assessment of the Predicted 3D Simulation Results and the Actual Results of Breast Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Although three-dimensional (3D) simulations are becoming more common in preoperative breast augmentation planning, this does not necessarily imply that the simulated results are highly accurate. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 3D simulation technique by comparing the differences in breast morphology between the 3D prediction model and the actual results. METHODS: The simulation and actual postoperative results of 103 patients who underwent breast augmentation were analyzed retrospectively. Therefore, a 3D model was created, and the parameters of line spacing, nipple position, breast projection, surface area, and volume were evaluated. Furthermore, consider the difference in chest circumferences and breast volume. RESULTS: In comparison with the simulation results, the actual results had a mean increase in the nipple to the inframammary fold (N-IMF) of 0.3 cm (P < 0.05) and a mean increase in basal breast width (BW) of 0.3 cm (P < 0.001), a difference that was not statistically significant in patients with larger breast volumes. There was a significant difference in the mean upper and lower breast volume distribution between simulated and actual breasts (upper pole 52.9% vs. 49.2%, P < 0.05, and lower pole 47.1% vs. 50.8%, P < 0.001). However, it was not statistically significant in patients with larger chest circumferences. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that 3D simulation has uncertainties related to the patient's chest circumference and breast volume. Therefore, these two critical factors must be considered when using simulation assessment in preoperative planning. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Impact of Toll-like Receptor 4 Expression on Inflammatory Responses Related to Premature Membrane Rupture Induced by Lipopolysaccharide.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the mechanism through which the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) influences the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response, a condition that is associated with premature rupture of membranes (PROM). METHODS: Human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells (THP-1) were employed as the experimental model. These cells were treated with LPS and the TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 and subsequently divided into three groups. A range of assays were utilized, including methyl thiazolyl tetrazole (MTT) assay, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for measuring TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) mRNA levels, double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for assessing monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), as well as secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1ß. And western blotting was used to detect the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65, which are components of the TLR4 downstream signaling pathway. RESULTS: The LPS-induced proliferation of THP-1 cells was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) when compared with normal THP-1 cells. Moreover, LPS also promoted TLR4 mRNA and protein expression levels, TNF-α mRNA expression, secretion of inflammatory factors, and phosphorylation of ERK and NF-κB p65 proteins (p < 0.05). On the other hand, administration of the TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 significantly inhibited the expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein. It also effectively increased the proliferative activity of THP-1 cells and inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and inflammatory factors, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK and NF-κB p65 proteins (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, suppressing TLR4 expression can mitigate inflammatory responses, thereby reducing the likelihood of premature rupture of membranes during pregnancy, which is often triggered by such inflammation.

New perspective: Symbiotic pattern and assembly mechanism of Cantharellus cibarius-associated bacteria.

Cantharellus cibarius, an ectomycorrhizal fungus belonging to the Basidiomycetes, has significant medicinal and edible value, economic importance, and ecological benefits. However, C. cibarius remains incapable of artificial cultivation, which is thought to be due to the presence of bacteria. Therefore, much research has focused on the relationship between C. cibarius and bacteria, but rare bacteria are frequently overlooked, and symbiotic pattern and assembly mechanism of the bacterial community associated with C. cibarius remain unknown. In this study, the assembly mechanism and driving factors of both abundant and rare bacterial communities of C. cibarius were revealed by the null model. The symbiotic pattern of the bacterial community was examined using a co-occurrence network. Metabolic functions and phenotypes of the abundant and rare bacteria were compared using METAGENassist2, and the impacts of abiotic variables on the diversity of abundant and rare bacteria were examined using partial least squares path modeling. In the fruiting body and mycosphere of C. cibarius, there was a higher proportion of specialist bacteria compared with generalist bacteria. Dispersal limitation dominated the assembly of abundant and rare bacterial communities in the fruiting body and mycosphere. However, pH, 1-octen-3-ol, and total phosphorus of the fruiting body were the main driving factors of bacterial community assembly in the fruiting body, while available nitrogen and total phosphorus of the soil affected the assembly process of the bacterial community in the mycosphere. Furthermore, bacterial co-occurrence patterns in the mycosphere may be more complex compared with those in the fruiting body. Unlike the specific potential functions of abundant bacteria, rare bacteria may provide supplementary or unique metabolic pathways (such as sulfite oxidizer and sulfur reducer) to enhance the ecological function of C. cibarius. Notably, while volatile organic compounds can reduce mycosphere bacterial diversity, they can increase fruiting body bacterial diversity. Findings from this study further, our understanding of C. cibarius-associated microbial ecology.

A novel fungal negative-stranded RNA virus related to mymonaviruses in Auricularia heimuer.

Here, we report the characterization of a novel (-)ssRNA mycovirus isolated from Auricularia heimuer CCMJ1222, using a combination of RNA-seq, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and Sanger sequencing. Based on database searches, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic analysis, we designated the virus as "Auricularia heimuer negative-stranded RNA virus 1" (AhNsRV1). This virus has a monopartite RNA genome related to mymonaviruses (order Mononegavirales). The AhNsRV1 genome consists of 11,441 nucleotides and contains six open reading frames (ORFs). The largest ORF encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; the other ORFs encode hypothetical proteins with no conserved domains or known function. AhNsRV1 is the first (-)ssRNA virus and the third virus known to infect A. heimuer.

Catalytic Asymmetric [3 + 2] Annulation of Hantzsch Esters with Racemic N-Sulfonylaziridines.

Hantzsch esters (HEs) served as two-carbon partners in a copper(I)-catalyzed enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation with racemic 2-(hetero)aryl-N-sulfonyl aziridines via kinetic resolution to provide pyrrolo[2,3-b]tetrahydropyridines containing multiple contiguous stereogenic centers including all-carbon quaternary centers in excellent yields and enantiopurities and moderate-to-excellent diastereoselectivities. Mainly dependent upon the structures of the aziridines, a competitive hydrogenolysis process with HEs as the hydrogen source was also observed in some cases.

DMD mutation spectrum analysis in 613 Chinese patients with dystrophinopathy.

Dystrophinopathy is a group of inherited diseases caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Within the dystrophinopathy spectrum, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are common X-linked recessive disorders that mainly feature striated muscle necrosis. We combined multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification with Sanger sequencing to detect large deletions/duplications and point mutations in the DMD gene in 613 Chinese patients. A total of 571 (93.1%) patients were diagnosed, including 428 (69.8%) with large deletions/duplications and 143 (23.3%) with point mutations. Deletion/duplication breakpoints gathered mostly in introns 44-55. Reading frame rules could explain 88.6% of deletion mutations. We identified seventy novel point mutations that had not been previously reported. Spectrum expansion and genotype-phenotype analysis of DMD mutations on such a large sample size in Han Chinese population would provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanism underlying dystrophinopathies.

The growth and medicinal quality of Epimedium wushanense are improved by an isolate of dark septate fungus.

CONTEXT: Seven dark-septate endophytic (DSE) fungi have been isolated from the roots of Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying (Berberidaceae), an important medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE: The current study explores the effects of seven DSE fungi on the growth and accumulation of bioactive compounds in E. wushanense. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each 1-month-old E. wushanense seedling was inoculated with one of the seven DSE fungi and was grown under greenhouse conditions for 90 d. The molecular identification of the fungi was based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nuclear ribosomal gene cluster. RESULTS: The results showed that the influence of DSE fungi inoculation varied between strains. Inoculation with DSE8 not only significantly enhanced plant height, root length, leaf area, leaf number, and shoot and root biomass but also improved the total flavonoid and icariin content, with an increase ranging from 20.24% to 237.97%. Three of the seven DSE fungi caused the inoculated plants to die, and the remaining three DSE strains showed neutral or negative effects on plant growth and the accumulation of bioactive compounds. According to the ITS sequence, DSE8 is congeneric to the genus Leptodontidium. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that application of DSE8 may be valuable to facilitate the cultivation of E. wushanense with a higher biomass and improved medicinal quality.

A comparative proteomic analysis of Pinellia ternata leaves exposed to heat stress.

Pinellia ternata is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. The growth of P. ternata is sensitive to high temperatures. To gain a better understanding of heat stress responses in P. ternata, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis. P. ternata seedlings were subjected to a temperature of 38 °C and samples were collected 24 h after treatment. Increased relative ion leakage and lipid peroxidation suggested that oxidative stress was frequently generated in rice leaves exposed to high temperature. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to analyze heat-responsive proteins. More than 600 protein spots were reproducibly detected on each gel; of these spots, 20 were up-regulated, and 7 were down-regulated. A total of 24 proteins and protein species were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. These proteins and protein species were found to be primarily small heat shock proteins (58%) as well as proteins involved in RNA processing (17%), photosynthesis (13%), chlorophyll biosynthetic processes (4%), protein degradation (4%) and defense (4%). Using 2-DE Western blot analysis, we confirmed the identities of the cytosolic class II small heat shock protein (sHSPs-CII) identified by MS. The expression levels of four different proteins [cytosolic class I small heat shock protein (sHSPs-CI), sHSPs-CII, mitochondrial small heat shock protein (sHSPs-MIT), glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRP)] were analyzed at the transcriptional level by quantitative real-time PCR. The mRNA levels of three sHSPs correlated with the corresponding protein levels. However, GRP was down-regulated at the beginning of heat stress but then increased substantially to reach a peak after 24 h of heat stress. Our study provides valuable new insight into the responses of P. ternata to heat stress.

[Influence on AM fungi infection rate and medicine quality of Pinellia ternata in condition of three soil impact factors].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence on AM fungi infection rate and medicine quality of Pinellia ternate in the condition of three soil impact factors. METHOD: Set the orthogonal test of three factors and levels. Determinate the AM fungi infection rate in early stage of mature & stage of mature of P. ternata, and the water content, water soluble extract, butanedioic acid content and alkaloid content of P. ternata tuber that be harvested also had be determinated. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: With the P levels to 30 mg x kg(-1) and 90 mg x kg(-1), AM fungi infection was the best when mixed inoculated of EM. Microbial agent inoculated played a decisive role in P. ternata growth and physiological activity, secondary influenced factor was P concentration, and the water stress was the minimal impact. Mixed inoculated of AM fungi and EM treatment with the low P levels (30, 90 mg x kg(-1)) proved better effect on enhancing the water extract content, anedioic acid and alkaloid content, while decreasing the water contents of P. ternata tuber.

[Effect of light quality on growth and quality of Pinellia ternata].

Measuring the content of soluble reducing sugar, total sugar, soluble protein, guanosine, alkaloids, and succinic acid of Pinellia ternata tuber were measured by anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method, Coomassie brilliant blue method, RP-HPLC, reverse potentiometric titration, acid dye colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that yellow light could promote the growth and development of P. ternata and increase the content of soluble reducing sugar, total sugar, alkaloids, and succinic acid. Under blue light could promote the content of soluble protein and guanosine. Red and yellow light increased the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, contrastively blue light reduced the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. White film through the most uniform spectrum was most conducive to the synthesis of chlorophyll a. As single film, blue film, yellow film were more conducive to the synthesis of chlorophyll a, green film and red film had been relatively beneficial to the synthesis of chlorophyll b. Bulbil formed the largest number and the biggest propagation coefficient of P. ternata under red light showed that it could increase the production of P. ternata under red light.

[Tissue cultivation of tiller buds of Epimedium wushanense].

OBJECTIVE: To established the rapid tissue propagation system of Epimedium wushanense, in order to provide theoretical basis for industrialized seed cultivation. METHOD: Tiller buds E. wushanense were used as explants, with MS, B5, WPM as basic media, and added with different concentrations of plant growth regulators such as 6-BA, NAA and GA3, in order to conduct a systematic study on induction and propagation conditions for tiller buds. RESULT: The suitable method for sterilizing bud was to disinfect with 75% ethanol for 30 s, and then treated with 0.1% HgCl2 for (4 + 2) min for consecutively twice, which could control the pollution rate below 5% and the survival rate above 75%. The optimal medium for bud induction was WPM + 6-BA 2.0 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.1 mg x L(-1) + GA3 0.5 mg x L(-1), with the induction rate of 75.5%; meanwhile, the basic medium and 6-BA showed significant effect on the induction rate. The propagation medium suitable for buds was MS +6-BA 2.0 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1), with the propagation rate of 3.3. The optimal growth of rooting medium was 1/2 WPM + IBA 0.5 mg x L(-1) + activated carbon which (0.05%), with the rooting rate of 90%, three to six strong seedlings in each plant. CONCLUSION: The disinfection method suitable for tiller buds and the medium combination suitable for induction, propagation and rooting of adventitious buds are screened out to establish the rapid cultivation system for tiller buds of E. wushanense.

[Infection progress of arbuscular mycorrhizae on tissue-cultured plantlets of Pinellia ternata].

OBJECTIVE: To study the Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) formation progress and infection characteristics between tissue culture plantlets of Pinellia ternata and Glomus mosseae. METHOD: The tissue culture plantlets of P. ternata were inoculated with G. mosseae, the formation of AM were sampled and observed with microscopy by staining. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The hyphae of G. mosseae began to penetrate the root epidermis after 10 days of inoculation. Lots of intracellular hyphae formed in cortex cells at the 15th day. Arbuscules started to form and there were some hyphae on the root at the 20th day. At the 25th day, many arbuscules formed and most as Arum type. Some arbuscles started to disintegrate at the 30th day, and a few of vesicles occurred. Lots of spores formed after 35 days. At the 40th day, some vesicles began to decline. The hand section showed that the intercellular hyphae gradually formed in intercellular space, and the hyphae branched in cortex cells and occupied most cell lumen finally. It is expounded that P. ternata and G. mosseae could recognize each other quickly and form a symbiont system.

[Dormancy characteristics and breaking method of seeds from Epimedium wushanense].

OBJECTIVE: To research the mechanism of dormancy and find out the breaking method for the seeds of Epimedium wushanense. METHOD: The water permeability of seed coat was tested by weighing seeds. The germination inhibitor of the seeds were determined with biotic measurement. The development of embryos, germination rate and germination potential were determined after stratification. RESULT: The water permeability of seed coat was 41.86% after 5 h. The extracts of seeds had strong inhibition effects to the length growth of cabbage seedlings. The growth and development of embryos under the cold stratification (5 degrees C) were better than that under the other conditions. The embryo rate extended from 15.39% to 86.21% after 90 d. Germination rate and germination potential after stratification under 5 degrees C were significantly higher than that under other temperatures. CONCLUSION: The results showed that there was no obstacle of water permeability on the test of E. wushanense, after-ripening of embryogenesis and the germination inhibitor of the seed were the main reason for the seed dormancy. The cold stratification would be an effective way for breaking of the dormancy, which could significantly promote the seed embryogenesis and increase germination rate comparing to other methods.

[Rapid propagation of Cremastra appendiculata in vitro].

The protocorms and regenerated plant were induced from the seeds and the pseudobulbs of Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino with B5 + 2% sugar +0.1% activated carbon. The coefficient of reproduction ranges can be achieved 6 to 10. The optium transplantation medium was vermiculite and the survival rate was 96.7%.