ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of large-scale data on the clinical and genotype characteristics of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) patients in Asia. OBJECTIVE: To define the characteristics of phenotypic and genetic HoFH probands from mainland China. METHODS: We collected data from patients with suspected HoFH from ten clinical hospitals across mainland China from 2003 to 2019. Clinical data and DNA testing were obtained in all patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate survival curves, and the groups were compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 108 unrelated probands with suspected HoFH (mean age 14.9 years) were included. The three most common variants were W483X (c.1448 G>A), A627T (c.1879 G>A), H583Y (c.1747 C>T). The majority (64.8%) were compound heterozygotes (n = 70), 23 (21.3%) were true HoFH patients. True HoFH showed higher LDL-C levels compared to compound HoFH (16.8±3.6 mmol/L vs. 15.0±3.1 mmol/L, P = 0.022). During follow-up, only 21.2% patients exhibited an LDL-C reduction of more than 50%. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the true HoFH probands had significantly worse survival rates compared to other genotype probands (13-year survival; 20.3% vs. 76.7%, respectively; P = 0.016). In addition, true HoFH shows that 2.8-fold (P = 0.022) increase any death and 3.0-fold (P = 0.023) increase cardiovascular death risk in relative to other FH. CONCLUSIONS: This report shows that HoFH has devastating consequences, and that patients are often only diagnosed after they have been exposed to severely elevated LDL-C for years. Systematic screening and early intensive treatment are an absolute requirement for these young individuals with HoFH.
Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents , Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II , Adolescent , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL/genetics , Cohort Studies , Homozygote , Humans , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/diagnosis , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/epidemiology , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/genetics , PhenotypeABSTRACT
Syzygium tetragonum Wall is a Chinese folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, joint swelling and pain. By High Content Screening (HCS), 8 compounds (1-8) from Syzygium tetragonum Wall were evaluated for their inhibitory activity on the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in EGFP-NFATc1 U2OS cells. Among them, 6-[10'(Z)-heptadecenyl] salicylic acid (8) exhibited a significant inhibitory activity. In RAW 264.7 cells, it could dose-dependently prevent nuclear NFATc1 translocation induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). The differentiation of osteoclasts from bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs) was significantly inhibited by 8 in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of TRAP, CtsK, and MMP9, key enzymes for the bone resorption secreted by osteoclasts, were also significantly down-regulated; and MMP9 activity was also obviously decreased. More importantly, the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts was dose-dependently suppressed by compound 8. Our results suggest that compound 8 can effectively inhibit osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion via preventing NFATc1 nuclear translocation and might be a promising drug candidate for relevant diseases.
Subject(s)
NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism , Osteoclasts/drug effects , Salicylates/pharmacology , Syzygium/chemistry , Acid Phosphatase/genetics , Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects , Animals , Bone Resorption/genetics , Cathepsin K/genetics , Cell Line/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Isoenzymes/genetics , Macrophages/drug effects , Male , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Structure , Osteoclasts/metabolism , Plant Extracts/analysis , Plant Extracts/chemistry , RANK Ligand/metabolism , RANK Ligand/pharmacology , Salicylates/isolation & purification , Tartrate-Resistant Acid PhosphataseABSTRACT
Five new polyhydroxypregnane glycosides, namely cynanotosides A-E (1-5), together with two known analogues, deacetylmetaplexigenin (6) and cynotophylloside H (7), were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum otophyllum. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and acid hydrolysis. The neuroprotective effects of compounds 1-7 against glutamate-, hydrogen peroxide-, and homocysteic acid (HCA)-induced cell death were tested by MTT assay in a hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22. Compounds 1, 2, and 7 exhibited protective activity against HCA-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner ranging from 1 to 30µM, which may explain the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) use of this plant for the treatment of epilepsy.
