ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a pathogen causing rice sheath blight (ShB). Ammonium transporter 1 (AMT1) promotes resistance of rice to ShB by activating ethylene signaling. However, how AMT1 activates ethylene signaling remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the indeterminate domain 10 (IDD10)-NAC079 interaction model was used to investigate whether ethylene signaling is modulated downstream of ammonium signaling and modulates ammonium-mediated ShB resistance. METHODS: RT-qPCR assay was used to identify the relative expression levels of nitrogen and ethylene related genes. Yeast two-hybrid assays, Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay were conducted to verify the IDD10-NAC079-calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 31 (CIPK31) transcriptional complex. Yeast one-hybrid assay, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were used to verify whether ETR2 was activated by IDD10 and NAC079. Ethylene quantification assay was used to verify ethylene content in IDD10 transgenic plants. Genetic analysis is used to detect the response of IDD10, NAC079 and CIPK31 to ShB infestation. RESULTS: IDD10-NAC079 forms a transcription complex that activates ETR2 to inhibit the ethylene signaling pathway to negatively regulating ShB resistance. CIPK31 interacts and phosphorylates NAC079 to enhance its transcriptional activation activity. In addition, AMT1-mediated ammonium absorption and subsequent N assimilation inhibit the expression of IDD10 and CIPK31 to activate the ethylene signaling pathway, which positively regulates ShB resistance. CONCLUSION: The study identified the link between ammonium and ethylene signaling and improved the understanding of the rice resistance mechanism.
ABSTRACT
Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted a great deal of attention for large-scale electric energy storage due to their inherent safety, natural abundant resources, and low cost. The exploration of suitable anode materials is the major challenge in advancing NIB technology. On the basis of first-principles calculations, we systematically explore the potential performance of two-dimensional (2D) TiCl2 as an electrode material for NIBs. Monolayer TiCl2 can be easily exfoliated from the bulk structure with a small exfoliation energy of 0.64 J m-2. It shows good stability, as demonstrated by its high cohesive energy, positive phonon modes, and high thermal stability. Monolayer TiCl2 has high storage capacity (451.3 mA h g-1), low diffusion energy barrier (0.02-0.14 eV), moderate average open-circuit voltage (0.81 V), and small lattice change (2.37%). Moreover, bilayer TiCl2 can significantly enhance the Na adsorption strength but reduce the Na-ion diffusion ability. These results suggest that TiCl2 is a promising anode candidate for NIBs.
