ABSTRACT
Roots are fundamental for plants to adapt to variable environmental conditions. The development of a robust root system is orchestrated by numerous genetic determinants and, among them, the MADS-box gene ANR1 has garnered substantial attention. Prior research has demonstrated that, in chrysanthemum, CmANR1 positively regulates root system development. Nevertheless, the upstream regulators involved in the CmANR1-mediated regulation of root development remain unidentified. In this study, we successfully identified bric-a-brac, tramtrack and broad (BTB) and transcription adapter putative zinc finger (TAZ) domain protein CmBT1 as the interacting partner of CmANR1 through a yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) screening library. Furthermore, we validated this physical interaction through bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down assays. Functional assays revealed that CmBT1 exerted a negative influence on root development in chrysanthemum. In both in vitro and in vivo assays, it was evident that CmBT1 mediated the ubiquitination of CmANR1 through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. This ubiquitination subsequently led to the degradation of the CmANR1 protein and a reduction in the transcription of CmANR1-targeted gene CmPIN2, which was crucial for root development in chrysanthemum. Genetic analysis suggested that CmBT1 modulated root development, at least in part, by regulating the level of CmANR1 protein. Collectively, these findings shed new light on the regulatory role of CmBT1 in degrading CmANR1 through ubiquitination, thereby repressing the expression of its targeted gene and inhibiting root development in chrysanthemum.
Subject(s)
Chrysanthemum , Chrysanthemum/genetics , Chrysanthemum/metabolism , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Ubiquitination , Protein Binding , Zinc Fingers , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, PlantABSTRACT
In this work, the catalytic activity of calix[8]arene sulfonic acid was successfully investigated for the famous Biginelli reaction. Under ultrasonic irradiation, calix[8]arene sulfonic acid could efficiently catalyzed the three-component reaction of aldehydes with ethyl acetoacetate and urea or thiourea in ethanol to afford the corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones in 46-93%. The advantages of this method are the easy isolated procedure, short reaction time and low cost of the catalyst.
Subject(s)
Calixarenes/chemistry , Thiones/chemical synthesis , Catalysis , Molecular Structure , Thiones/chemistry , UltrasonicsABSTRACT
Two types of amphoteric calix[n]arene carboxylic acid (CnCA) derivative, i.e., calix[6]arene hexa-carboxylic acid (C6HCA) and calix[8]arene octo-carboxylic acid (C8OCA), were synthesized by introducing acetoxyls into the hydroxyls of calix[n]arene (n=6, 8). C6HCA and C8OCA nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared successfully using the dialysis method. CnCA NPs had regular spherical shapes with an average diameter of 180-220 nm and possessed negative charges of greater than -30 mV. C6HCA and C8OCA NPs were stable in 4.5% bovine serum albumin solutions and buffers (pH 5-9), with a low critical aggregation concentration value of 5.7 mg·L(-1) and 4.0 mg·L(-1), respectively. C6HCA and C8OCA NPs exhibited good paclitaxel (PTX) loading capacity, with drug loading contents of 7.5% and 8.3%, respectively. The overall in vitro release behavior of PTX from the CnCA NPs was sustained, and C8OCA NPs had a slower release rate compared with C6HCA NPs. These favorable properties of CnCA NPs make them promising nanocarriers for tumor-targeted drug delivery.
Subject(s)
Calixarenes/chemical synthesis , Drug Carriers/chemical synthesis , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Paclitaxel/chemical synthesis , Surface-Active Agents/chemical synthesis , Animals , Calixarenes/administration & dosage , Cattle , Drug Carriers/administration & dosage , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Paclitaxel/administration & dosage , Particle Size , Surface-Active Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of non-ablative fractional laser Lux1540nm in superficial scars therapy. METHODS: According to the Fitzpatrik skin type and scar appearances, appropriate laser energy and pulse width were selected for scar treatment. Therapeutic effect and side-effect was evaluated by preoperative photos and 6 months of postoperative photos. RESULTS: The total effective rate was 78.12% (28/32). 7 cases (21.88%) showed ineffective results. The therapeutic effect was improved along the increase of treatments. Temporary hyperpigmentation was found in 3 cases (9.38%) and faded away within 3-6 months. Temporary erythema faded away within 4-24 hours. CONCLUSION: The treatment of non-ablative fractional laser Lux1540nm for superficial scar is effective with minimum side effect.
