Hyper-Exponential Stabilization of Neural Networks by Event-Triggered Impulsive Control With Actuation Delay.

This brief studies the hyper-exponential stabilization of neural networks (NNs) by event-triggered impulsive control, where the impulse instants are determined by the event-triggered conditions. In the presence of actuation delay, an event-triggered impulsive control scheme is devised. For reducing the sampling task of continuous detection, a periodic-detection scheme is also introduced. Within these frameworks, the occurrence of Zeno behavior is rigorously precluded, and some criteria are formulated to achieve the stabilization of the system with a hyper-exponential convergence rate. Moreover, a numerical simulation is provided to elucidate the validity of the theoretical findings.

Strong nonlinear optical processes with extraordinary polarization anisotropy in inversion-symmetry broken two-dimensional PdPSe.

Nonlinear optical activities, especially second harmonic generation (SHG), are key phenomena in inversion-symmetry-broken two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). On the other hand, anisotropic nonlinear optical processes are important for unique applications in nano-nonlinear photonic devices with polarization functions, having become one of focused research topics in the field of nonlinear photonics. However, the strong nonlinearity and strong optical anisotropy do not exist simultaneously in common 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate strong second-order and third-order susceptibilities of 64 pm/V and 6.2×10-19 m2/V2, respectively, in the even-layer PdPSe, which has not been discovered in other common TMDCs (e.g., MoS2). Strikingly, it also simultaneously exhibited strong SHG anisotropy with an anisotropic ratio of ~45, which is the largest reported among all 2D materials to date, to the best of our knowledge. In addition, the SHG anisotropy ratio can be harnessed from 0.12 to 45 (375 times) by varying the excitation wavelength due to the dispersion of χ ( 2 ) values. As an illustrative example, we further demonstrate polarized SHG imaging for potential applications in crystal orientation identification and polarization-dependent spatial encoding. These findings in 2D PdPSe are promising for nonlinear nanophotonic and optoelectronic applications.

Da-yuan-yin decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting complement activation, LPS-TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and NET formation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Da-yuan-yin decoction (DYY) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine prescription for ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM OF STUDY: This study explored the protective effects and mechanisms of DYY on UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice were fed 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days to establish UC. On the second day, DYY (0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, 1.6 g/kg) was orally administered daily for 7 consecutive days. The colon tissues and serum were measured by histopathological examination and biochemical analysis. RESULTS: DYY significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI) and severity of colon shortening and alleviated pathological changes in the colon tissue. DYY restored the protein expression of intestinal tight junction (TJ) protein (ZO-1, occludin and claudin-3). DYY remarkably decreased the level of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Lactic acid (LA), circulating free DNA (cfDNA), complement (C3, C3a, C3c, C3aR1, C5a and C5aR1) and regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum. DYY significantly inhibited the expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and CD 11b, the mRNA levels of PADI4, MPO and ELANE in colon tissues. CONCLUSIONS: DYY significantly attenuated DSS-induced UC, which was related with regulating the inflammatory response by the inhibition of complement activation, the LPS-TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. DYY is a potential therapeutic agent for UC.

Mussel-inspired antimicrobial hydrogel with cellulose nanocrystals/tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles for enhanced calvarial bone regeneration.

Bacterial infection is a serious challenge in the treatment of open bone defects, and reliance on antibiotic therapy may contribute to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. To solve this problem, this study developed a mineralized hydrogel (PVA-Ag-PHA) with excellent antibacterial properties and osteogenic capabilities. Silver nanoparticles (CNC/TA@AgNPs) were greenly synthesized using natural macromolecular cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and plant polyphenolic tannins (TA) as stabilizers and reducing agents respectively, and then introduced into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polydopamine-modified hydroxyapatite (PDA@HAP) hydrogel. The experimental results indicate that the PVA-Ag-PHA hydrogel, benefiting from the excellent antibacterial properties of CNC/TA@AgNPs, can not only eliminate Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but also maintain a sustained sterile environment. At the same time, the HAP modified by PDA is uniformly dispersed within the hydrogel, thus releasing and maintaining stable concentrations of Ca2+ and PO43- ions in the local environment. The porous structure of the hydrogel with excellent biocompatibility creates a suitable bioactive environment that facilitates cell adhesion and bone regeneration. The experimental results in the rat critical-sized calvarial defect model indicate that the PVA-Ag-PHA hydrogel can effectively accelerate the bone healing process. Thus, this mussel-inspired hydrogel with antibacterial properties provides a feasible solution for the repair of open bone defects, demonstrating the considerable potential for diverse applications in bone repair.

Extraordinary Enhancement of Nonlinear Optical Interaction in NbOBr2 Microcavities.

2D materials are burgeoning as promising candidates for investigating nonlinear optical effects due to high nonlinear susceptibilities, broadband optical response, and tunable nonlinearity. However, most 2D materials suffer from poor nonlinear conversion efficiencies, resulting from reduced light-matter interactions and lack of phase matching at atomic thicknesses. Herein, a new 2D nonlinear material, niobium oxide dibromide (NbOBr2) is reported, featuring strong and anisotropic optical nonlinearities with scalable nonlinear intensity. Furthermore, Fabry-Pérot (F-P) microcavities are constructed by coupling NbOBr2 with air holes in silicon. Remarkable enhancement factors of ≈630 times in second harmonic generation (SHG) and 210 times in third harmonic generation (THG) are achieved on cavity at the resonance wavelength of 1500 nm. Notably, the cavity enhancement effect exhibits strong anisotropic feature tunable with pump wavelength, owing to the robust optical birefringence of NbOBr2. The ratio of the enhancement factor along the b- and c-axis of NbOBr2 reaches 2.43 and 5.27 for SHG and THG at 1500 nm pump, respectively, which leads to an extraordinarily high SHG anisotropic ratio of 17.82 and a 10° rotation of THG polarization. The research presents a feasible and practical strategy for developing high-efficiency and low-power-pumped on-chip nonlinear optical devices with tunable anisotropy.

Sodium Sulfite as a Novel Hypoxia Revulsant Involved in Hypoxic Regulation in Escherichia coli.

As a reducing salt, sodium sulfite could deprive oxygen in solution, which could mimic hypoxic stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, the wild-type Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was used to examine the inhibition of sodium sulfite-induced hypoxia by observing the bacterial growth curves. We also analyzed the growth curves of mutant strains (for arcA/B, soxR/S, fnr, and oxyR) related to E. coli hypoxic pathways to reveal roles of the related genes during hypoxia. The ultrastructure of hypoxia-inhibited bacteria were also observed using transmission electron microscopy. Sodium sulfite could maintain hypoxic condition of bacterial culture for 8 h with concentrations over 40 mmol/L. Complete ultrastructure of the bacteria indicated sodium sulfite did inhibit bacterial growth and division. Among the hypoxia genes, fnr and arcB played key roles in sodium sulfite-induced hypoxia. This study showed that sodium sulfite could be used as a novel hypoxia revulsant for bacterial cultures.

Ultrastrong exciton-plasmon couplings in WS2 multilayers synthesized with a random multi-singular metasurface at room temperature.

Van der Waals semiconductors exemplified by two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides have promised next-generation atomically thin optoelectronics. Boosting their interaction with light is vital for practical applications, especially in the quantum regime where ultrastrong coupling is highly demanded but not yet realized. Here we report ultrastrong exciton-plasmon coupling at room temperature in tungsten disulfide (WS2) layers loaded with a random multi-singular plasmonic metasurface deposited on a flexible polymer substrate. Different from seeking perfect metals or high-quality resonators, we create a unique type of metasurface with a dense array of singularities that can support nanometre-sized plasmonic hotspots to which several WS2 excitons coherently interact. The associated normalized coupling strength is 0.12 for monolayer WS2 and can be up to 0.164 for quadrilayers, showcasing the ultrastrong exciton-plasmon coupling that is important for practical optoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional semiconductors.

Human-level few-shot concept induction through minimax entropy learning.

Humans learn concepts both from labeled supervision and by unsupervised observation of patterns, a process machines are being taught to mimic by training on large annotated datasets-a method quite different from the human pathway, wherein few examples with no supervision suffice to induce an unfamiliar relational concept. We introduce a computational model designed to emulate human inductive reasoning on abstract reasoning tasks, such as those in IQ tests, using a minimax entropy approach. This method combines identifying the most effective constraints on data via minimum entropy with determining the best combination of them via maximum entropy. Our model, which applies this unsupervised technique, induces concepts from just one instance, reaching human-level performance on tasks of Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), Machine Number Sense (MNS), and Odd-One-Out (O3). These results demonstrate the potential of minimax entropy learning for enabling machines to learn relational concepts efficiently with minimal input.

Failure mechanisms of the Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2-Li4Ti5O12 lithium-ion batteries in long-time high-rate cycle.

With the ever-growing widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in heavy machinery and daily life, the demand for improved longevity and high-rate performance is escalating. While Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) batteries excel in safety and cycling performance, their full potential for long-term, high-rate cycling still yet remains unrealized. In this paper, we present an analysis of a pouch battery with an LTO anode system that was cycled for an extended period at high rates. We compared the performance changes and internal component properties between fresh and cycled batteries. Our results reveal that, after tens of thousands of high-rate cycles, microcracks emerged on the cathode electrode material (NCM622) particles of the battery, whereas the LTO remained largely unchanged. Additionally, we observed significant electrolyte reduction, characterized the separator surface, and measured its properties. Our findings indicate that the electrolyte reactions are the primary cause of battery failure, leading to capacity fading and impedance increase. This research provides valuable insights into the failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries at high rates, thus contributing to the improvement of high-rate lithium-ion batteries.

Protective Effect of Selenium-enriched Peptide from Cardamine violifolia on Ethanol-induced L-02 Hepatocyte Injury.

In this study, we investigated the protective effect of selenium (Se)-enriched peptide isolated from Cardamine violifolia (SPE) against ethanol-induced liver injury. Cell proliferation assays show that different concentrations of SPE protect human embryonic liver L-02 cells against ethanol-induced injury in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 12 µmol/L Se increases the cell survival rate (82.44%) and reduces the release of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and apoptosis rate. SPE treatment with 12 µmol/L Se effectively reduces the concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increases the contents of intracellular superoxide dismutase (51.64 U/mg), catalase (4.41 U/mg), glutathione peroxidase (1205.28 nmol/g), and glutathione (66.67 µmol/g), thereby inhibiting the effect of ethanol-induced oxidative damage. The results of the transcriptomic analysis show that the glutathione metabolism and apoptotic pathway play significant roles in the protection of L-02 hepatocytes by SPE. Real-time qPCR analysis shows that SPE increases the mRNA expression of GPX1 and NGFR. The results of this study highlight the protective effects of SPE against ethanol-induced liver injury.

Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Nano-Se Against Copper-Induced Spermatogenesis Disorder.

Selenium nanoparticle (Nano-Se) is a new type of selenium supplement, which can improve the deficiency of traditional selenium supplements and maintain its physiological activity. Due to industrial pollution and irrational use in agriculture, Cu overexposure often occurs in animals and humans. In this study, Nano-Se alleviated CuSO4-induced testicular Cu accumulation, serum testosterone level decrease, testicular structural damage, and decrease in sperm quality. Meanwhile, Nano-Se reduced the ROS content in mice testis and enhanced the activities of T-AOC, GSH, SOD, and CAT compared with CuSO4 group. Furthermore, Nano-Se alleviated CuSO4-induced apoptosis by increasing the protein expression of Cleaved-Caspase-3, Cleaved-Caspase-9, Cleaved-Caspase-12, and Bax/Bcl-2 compared with CuSO4 group. At the same time, Nano-Se reversed CuSO4-induced increase of γ-H2AX protein expression in mice testis. In conclusion, this study confirmed that Nano-Se could alleviate oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in the testis of mice with Cu excess, thereby protecting the spermatogenesis disorder induced by Cu.

Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation at different energy densities on dentin bond durability under simulated pulpal pressure.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the microstructures of dentin surfaces and the long-term bond strength of dentin under simulated pulpal pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under simulated pulp pressure, 30 freshly extracted caries-free third molars were cut into 2-mm-thick dentin samples and then divided into five groups: the control and laser groups (93.3 J/cm2; 124.4 J/cm2; 155.5 J/cm2; 186.6 J/cm2). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Vickers hardness were used to analyze the surface morphology, composition, and mechanical properties of the dentin before and after laser irradiation. Another 80 caries-free third molars were removed and treated as described above, and the resin was bonded to the dentin surface with Single Bond Universal (SBU) adhesive in self-etch mode to make stick specimens. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and interfacial silver nanoleakage tests before and after 10,000 times thermocycling were then performed to analyze the bonding properties and interfacial durability of each group. RESULTS: SEM observations revealed that the surfaces of all laser group specimens were rough with open dentin tubules. Laser irradiation altered the surface composition of dentin while removing some collagen fibers but did not affect its surface hardness or crystallographic characteristics. Furthermore, laser irradiation with an energy density of 124.4 J/cm2 significantly promoted the immediate and aging bond strengths and reduced nanoleakage compared to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Under simulated pulp pressure, Nd:YAG laser pretreatment altered the chemical composition of dentin and improved the immediate and long-term bond strength. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study investigated the optimal parameters for Nd:YAG laser pretreatment of dentin, which has potential as a clinical method to strengthen bonding.

A successful endovascular aortic repair of aortoesophageal fistula following esophagectomy: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is an extremely rare and highly fatal complication leading to a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Successful management of AEF after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma has rarely been reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we present a rare case of a 44-year-old female with complications of AEF after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma, mainly presented as vomiting of blood. Both computed tomographic and computed tomography angiography of the chest showed bilateral pleural effusion and atelectasis, while gastroscopy showed large gastrointestinal bleeding. Emergency surgery was performed that included the removal of the mediastinal abscess, left lower pulmonary wedge resection, and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), followed by supportive treatment. The surgery went successful, and the patient was followed up for 1 year after discharge and showed good recovery. We also reviewed previous literature on the history, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of AEF after esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: In our case, thoracotomy combined with TEVAR was effective in treating AEF after esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma. This case provides successful experiences for clinical diagnosis and treatment of AEF after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma.

Investigation of selenium and selenium species in Cardamine violifolia using in vitro digestion coupled with a Caco-2 cell monolayer model.

Inadequate Se intake can enhance vulnerability to certain health risks, with supplementation lessening these risks. This study investigated the bioavailability of Se and Se species in five Se compounds and in Se-rich Cardamine violifolia using in vitro digestion coupled with a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, which enabled the study of Se transport and uptake. Translocation results showed that SeCys2 and MeSeCys had high translocation rates in C. violifolia leaves (CVLs). The uptake rate of organic Se increased with time, and MeSeCys exhibited a higher uptake rate than that for SeCys2 and SeMet. The translocation mechanisms of SeMet, Se(IV), and Se(VI) were passive transport, whereas those of SeCys2 and MeSeCys were active transport. The bioavailability of organic Se was higher than that of inorganic Se, with a total Se bioavailability in CVLs of 49.11 %. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the application of C. violifolia in the functional food.

The Synergistic Effect of Compound Sugar with Different Glycemic Indices Combined with Creatine on Exercise-Related Fatigue in Mice.

In this study, a compound sugar (CS) with different glycemic index sugars was formulated via hydrolysis characteristics and postprandial glycemic response, and the impact of CS and creatine emulsion on exercise-related fatigue in mice was investigated. Thirty-five C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups to supply different emulsions for 4 weeks: initial emulsion (Con), glucose emulsion (62 mg/10 g MW glucose; Glu), CS emulsion (62 mg/10 g MW compound sugar; CS), creatine emulsion (6 mg/10 g MW creatine; Cr), and CS and creatine emulsion (62 mg/10 g MW compound sugar, 6 mg/10 g MW creatine, CS-Cr). Then, the exhaustion time of weight-bearing swimming and forelimb grip strength were measured to evaluate the exercise capacity of mice, and some fatigue-related biochemical indexes of blood were determined. The results demonstrated that the ingestion of CS significantly reduced the peak of postprandial blood glucose levels and prolonged the energy supply of mice compared to ingesting an equal amount of glucose. Mouse exhaustion time was 1.22-fold longer in the CS group than in the glucose group. Additionally, the supplementation of CS increased the liver glycogen content and total antioxidant capacity of mice. Moreover, the combined supplementation of CS and creatine increased relative forelimb grip strength and decreased blood creatine kinase activity. The findings suggested that the intake of CS could enhance exercise capacity, and the combined supplementation of CS and creatine has a synergistic effect in improving performance.

Fault-Tolerant Synchronization for Memristive Neural Networks With Multiple Actuator Failures.

By using the fault-tolerant control method, the synchronization of memristive neural networks (MNNs) subjected to multiple actuator failures is investigated in this article. The considered actuator failures include the effectiveness failure and the lock-in-place failure, which are different from previous results. First of all, the mathematical expression of the control inputs in the considered system is given by introducing the models of the above two types of actuator failures. Following, two classes of synchronization strategies, which are state feedback control strategies and event-triggered control strategies, are proposed by using some inequality techniques and Lyapunov stability theories. The designed controllers can, respectively, guarantee the realization of synchronizations of the global exponential, the finite-time and the fixed-time for the MNNs by selecting different parameter conditions. Then the estimations of settling times of provided synchronization schemes are computed and the Zeno phenomenon of proposed event-triggered strategies is explicitly excluded. Finally, two experiments are conducted to confirm the availability of given synchronization strategies.

Multidimensional detection enabled by twisted black arsenic-phosphorus homojunctions.

A light field carrying multidimensional optical information, including but not limited to polarization, intensity and wavelength, is essential for numerous applications such as environmental monitoring, thermal imaging, medical diagnosis and free-space communications. Simultaneous acquisition of this multidimensional information could provide comprehensive insights for understanding complex environments but remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a multidimensional optical information detection device based on zero-bias double twisted black arsenic-phosphorus homojunctions, where the photoresponse is dominated by the photothermoelectric effect. By using a bipolar and phase-offset polarization photoresponse, the device operated in the mid-infrared range can simultaneously detect both the polarization angle and incident intensity information through direct measurement of the photocurrents in the double twisted black arsenic-phosphorus homojunctions. The device's responsivity makes it possible to retrieve wavelength information, typically perceived as difficult to obtain. Moreover, the device exhibits an electrically tunable polarization photoresponse, enabling precise distinction of polarization angles under low-intensity light exposure. These demonstrations offer a promising approach for simultaneous detection of multidimensional optical information, indicating potential for diverse photonic applications.

Potassium dehydroandrographolide succinate regulates the MyD88/CDH13 signaling pathway to enhance vascular injury-induced pathological vascular remodeling.

Pathological vascular remodeling is a hallmark of various vascular diseases. Previous research has established the significance of andrographolide in maintaining gastric vascular homeostasis and its pivotal role in modulating endothelial barrier dysfunction, which leads to pathological vascular remodeling. Potassium dehydroandrographolide succinate (PDA), a derivative of andrographolide, has been clinically utilized in the treatment of inflammatory diseases precipitated by viral infections. This study investigates the potential of PDA in regulating pathological vascular remodeling. The effect of PDA on vascular remodeling was assessed through the complete ligation of the carotid artery in C57BL/6 mice. Experimental approaches, including rat aortic primary smooth muscle cell culture, flow cytometry, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, Boyden chamber cell migration assay, spheroid sprouting assay, and Matrigel-based tube formation assay, were employed to evaluate the influence of PDA on the proliferation and motility of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Molecular docking simulations and co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to examine protein interactions. The results revealed that PDA exacerbates vascular injury-induced pathological remodeling, as evidenced by enhanced neointima formation. PDA treatment significantly increased the proliferation and migration of SMCs. Further mechanistic studies disclosed that PDA upregulated myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) expression in SMCs and interacted with T-cadherin (CDH13). This interaction augmented proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix deposition, culminating in pathological vascular remodeling. Our findings underscore the critical role of PDA in the regulation of pathological vascular remodeling, mediated through the MyD88/CDH13 signaling pathway.

Event-triggered impulsive cluster synchronization of coupled reaction-diffusion neural networks and its application to image encryption.

This paper investigates the cluster synchronization of coupled neural networks with reaction-diffusion terms. With the help of impulsive control strategies, some cluster synchronization criteria are proposed by an appropriate event-triggered mechanism. A numerical example is given to verify the validity of the theoretical results. Additionally, the proposed event-triggered impulsive synchronization is successfully applied to image encryption with encouraging cryptanalysis results demonstrating its strong ability to efficiently encrypt images.

Data-Driven Event-Triggered Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control for Nonlinear Systems With Input Saturation.

This article is devoted to data-driven event-triggered adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) control for nonlinear systems under input saturation. A global optimal data-driven control law is established by the ADP method with a modified index. Compared with the existing constant penalty factor, a dynamic version is constructed to accelerate error convergence. A new triggering mechanism covering existing results as special cases is set up to reduce redundant triggering events caused by emergent factors. The uniformly ultimate boundedness of error system is established by the Lyapunov method. The validity of the presented scheme is verified by two examples.