[Distribution model of aluminum species in drinking water basing on the reaction kinetics].

The effects of excess aluminum on water distribution system and human health were mainly attributable to the presences of some aluminum species in drinking water. A prediction model for the concentrations of aluminum species was developed using three-layer front feedback artificial neural network method. Results showed that the reaction rates of both inorganic monomeric aluminum and soluble aluminum varied with reaction time and water quality parameters, such as water temperature, pH, total aluminum, fluoride, phosphate and silicate. Their reaction orders were both three. The reaction kinetic parameters of inorganic monomeric aluminum and soluble aluminum could be predicted effectively applying artificial neural network; the correlation coefficients of k and 1/C0(2) between calculated value and predicted value were both greater than 0.999. Aluminum species prediction results in the drinking water of City M showed that when the concentration of total aluminum was less than 0.05 mg x L(-1), the relative prediction error was large for inorganic monomeric aluminum. When the concentration of total aluminum was above 0.05 mg x L(-1), the model could predict inorganic monomeric aluminum and soluble aluminum concentrations effectively, with relative prediction errors of +/- 15% and +/- 10% respectively.

[Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation of recalcitrant organic compounds].

Ozonation and Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), phenols and disinfection by-products precursors were studied. It shows that Ru/AC catalyst can obviously enhance the mineralization of organic compounds. In the degradation of DMP, TOC removal was 28.84% by ozonation alone while it was 66.13% by catalytic ozonation. In the oxidation of 23 kinds of phenols, TOC removals were 9.57%-56.08% by ozonation alone while they were 41.81%-82.32% by catalytic ozonation. Compared to ozonation alone, Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation was more effective for the reduction of disinfection by-products formation potentials in source water. The reduction of haloacetic acids formation potentials was more obvious than thichlomethane formation potentials. After the treatment by catalytic ozonation, the haloacetic acids formation potentials decreased from 144.02 microg/L to 58.50 microg/L, which was below the standard value of EPA. However ozonation alone could not make it reach the standard. The treatments of source water by BAC, O3 + BAC, O3/AC + BAC and Ru/AC + O3 + BAC were also studied. In the four processes, TOC removal was 3.80%, 20.14%, 27.45% and 48.30% respectively, COD removal was 4.37%, 27.22%, 39.91% and 50.00% respectively, UV254 removal was 8.16%, 62.24%, 67.03% and 84.95% respectively. Ru/AC + O3 + BAC process is more effective than the other processes for the removal of TOC, COD and UV254 and no ruthenium leaching observed in the solution. It is a promising process for the treatment of micro polluted source water.

[Effects of temperature and pH on the distribution of aluminum species in drinking water].

The effects of aluminum on water distribution system and human health are mainly attributable to their presence in drinking water. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the influence of temperature and pH on the distribution of aluminum species applying alum synthetic water. Aluminum species studied in the experiments included monomeric aluminum, soluble aluminum, suspended aluminum, and polymeric aluminum, which were determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry method. Results indicated that suspended aluminum was the major species at pH 6.5, occupied about 62.2% in the total aluminum mass concentration. While at pH above 7.0, monomeric aluminum was the major species; and varied little as reaction time increased. Polymeric aluminum mass concentration was low at studied water quality condition and also varied little as reaction time increased. The influence of temperature on aluminum species distribution was similar to solution pH; and both could be explained by pOH. Aluminum species in drinking water could be controlled by adjusting the pOH value, which provided theoretical guidance for the operation of the water distribution system and aluminum toxicity control.

[Effect of biofilm on the corrosion and fouling of cast iron pipe for water supply].

The crystalline phase and the element composition in the scales on cast iron pipe for drinking water was identified with XRD and XPS respectively to investigate the effect of biofilm existence on the corrosion and fouling of cast iron pipe. The total iron concentration in the water phase was measured simultaneously. The results showed that on 0-7 d the total iron concentration was higher in the water phase of the group with biofilm growth, but on 15-30 d it was higher in the water phase of the control without biofilm growth. The major peak of XRD patterns for the scales with biofilm growth was characterized as Fe oxide, while for the scales in the control it was always characterized as CaCO3. As presented by XPS atomic ratio, the Ca atomic percentage in the scales with biofilm growth was lower than that in the scales in the control, which might be contributed to the Ca2+ absorption by extracellular polymeric substances or Ca2+ consumption by microorganism growth. In comparison with that in the scales in the control, the iron atomic percentage in the scales with biofilm growth was higher on 7 d, while lower after 7 d. It can be concluded that on 0-7 d the existence of biofilm could promote the corrosion of cast iron pipe while inhibit corrosion after 7 d. The variance of major peak of XRD pattern and XPS atomic ratio indicated that biofilm had important effect on the configuration and composition of the scales of cast iron pipe. The corrosion inhibition of biofilm thus provided a new pathway to control the corrosion of metal pipes in drinking water distribution system.

[Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol and aniline over multi-walled carbon nanotubes].

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) without any metal ions were used as the catalyst, and investigated in the CWAO of phenol and aniline in a batch reactor. The structures of the MWNTs were characterized by means of SEM and TEM. It showed that the MWNTs, treated with the mixed acid (HNO3-H2SO4), displayed excellent activity and stability in the CWAO. Under the reaction temperature of 160 degrees C, the total pressure of 2.5 MPa, the initial concentration of 1000 mg/L and loading the catalyst of 1.6 g/L, 100% phenol and 86% COD were removed after 120 min reaction in CWAO of phenol. At the same operating conditions, 83% aniline and 68% COD removals were obtained in the CWAO of aniline solution when the initial concentration of aniline was 2 000 mg/L. The surface functional groups played the important role for the high activity of the MWNTs in CWAO of organic compounds.

[Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol with Ru/ZrO2-CeO2 catalyst].

Wet air oxidation of phenol with Ru/ZrO2-CeO2 was systematically investigated and results showed that Ru/ZrO2-CeO2 could significantly increase the removal of COD and phenol. At the reaction temperature of 170 degrees C and pressure of 3MPa, about 99% COD and 100% phenol was removed respectively after 120 min. The optimal conditions were: reaction temperature, 170 degrees C; reaction pressure, 3 MPa; catalyst dosage, 5 g/L; agitator speed, 500 r/min. By analyzing intermediates, a simplified scheme of phenol oxidation was brought out. It includes two main steps. The first step is the production of organic acids, which is fast. The second step is the oxidation of organic acid, in which the oxidation of acetic acid is slow. Complete oxidation of acetic acid needs high temperature at which the radicals assault the C-H bond of a carbon and acetic acid is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water through formic acid.

[Al species distribution survey in portable water distribution system in a north city of China].

The residual Al concentration and species distribution of a north Chinese city was surveyed using fluorimetry. Results showed that the highest total Al concentration was 0.078 mg x L(-1) and the mean concentration was 0.038 mg x L(-1), lower than the latest portable water standard of 0.2 mg x L(-1). Inorganic mono-aluminum and inorganic poly-aluminum, the main toxicity-leading species, were also the major existence species with the mean concentration 0.011 mg x L(-1) and 0.013 mg x L(-1) respectively. While organic combined aluminum concentration was quite low. Correlation analysis results showed that the Al concentration and species distribution in a certain pipe line was connected with the water quality. When the distribution system contained more salts and less soluble organic matter, the Al concentration would be controlled in a low level, which was important to guide the local operation.

[Catalytic oxidation of dimethyl phthalate in aqueous solution by aluminum oxide].

With dimethyl phthalate as the model pollutant and alumina as catalyst, the degradation of TOC system was systemically investigated. Results show that Al2O3 can significantly increase the effect of ozonation, and TOC removal rate in 120 minutes can reach 55.1% while only 23.9% with alone ozone. Al2O3 activeness is upmost under the follow conditions: calcination temperature, 600 degrees C; particle diameter, 0.5 - 1 mm; catalyst dosage, 20 g/L; gas flow rate, 200 mL/min, react temperature, 15 degrees C. The contrastive experiments of alone ozone, catalyst adsorption after ozonation and catalytic ozonation confirmed that catalytic reaction is the most important process to TOC removal in system with alumina as catalyst.

Pretreatment of apramycin wastewater by catalytic wet air oxidation.

The pretreatment technology of wet air oxidation (WAO) and coagulation and acidic hydrolysis for apramycin wastewater was investigated in this paper. The COD, apramycin, NH4+ concentration, and the ratio of BOD5/COD were analyzed, and the color and odor of the effluent were observed. WAO of apramycin wastewater, without catalyst and with RuO2/Al2O3 and RuO2-CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts, was carried out at degradation temperature of 200 degrees C and the total pressure of 4 MPa in a 1 L batch reactor. The result showed that the apramycin removals were respectively 50.2% and 55.0%, COD removals were 40.0% and 46.0%, and the ratio of BOD5/COD was increased to 0.49 and 0.54 with RuO2/Al2O3 and RuO2-CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts in catylytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) after the reaction of 150 min. With the pretreatment of coagulation and acidic hydrolysis, COD and apramycin removals were slight decreased, and the ratio of BOD5/COD was increased to 0.45, and the effluents was not suitable to biological treatment. The color and odor of the wastewater were effectively controlled and the reaction time was obviously shortened with WAO. HO2 may promote organic compounds oxidized in WAO of the apramycin wastewater. The addition of CeO2 could promote the activity and stability of RuO2/Al2O3 in WAO of apramycin wastewater.

[Photocatalytic degradation of DBPs in aqueous solutions].

Photocatalysis technology was used to investigate its removal capability of disinfection by products (DBPs). The photocatalytic degradation rates of different compounds were obviously larger than those in photolytic degradation. They were 3-7 times for halogenated alkyls and 2-3 times for alkenes and aromatic compounds. Investigation of photocatalytic degradation orderliness show that cinnamene > o-cresol > alkenes > alkyls.

[Influence of magnetic field on membrane flux and CaCO3 crystallization in the unstirred dead-end NF process].

With reference to a control system operating under same conditions, unstirred dead-end NF processes of magnetic pretreated solution containing Ca2+ were conducted with NF and NF270 nanofiltration membranes to study the influence of magnetic field on the membrane flux and the crystallization of CaCO3 on membrane surface. Ca2+ in the solution was 3.6 mmol/L, and the hardness was equal to the alkalinity. When experimental solution with initial volume of 300 mL was concentrated 2 times, the flux of membranes treating general solution presents a monotonously falling trend, while the flux of membranes treating magnetic solution decreased firstly and then increased, and then failed again. The average flux in treating magnetic solution was higher than that of the general solution, which indicated that magnetic pretreatment could ameliorate parts of membrane performance. More crystals were formed on membranes treating magnetic solution according to the SEM observation and the chemical analysis. It was assumed that magnetization could speed crystallization on membrane surface, which resulted in concentration falling in the polarization layer and flux increasing accordingly. The formed crystals that may decrease effective membrane areas were all deposited on the membrane surface, so the flux decreased finally. Average flux was higher while more crystals were formed on membranes, which conflicted to the conventional concept of membrane fouling and could not be explained by the serial-resistance model, implied the crystallization on membrane surface unnecessarily detered membrane performance.

[Kinetics of degradation of hexane in the gas phase by photocatalysis and combined photocatalysis and ozone].

The degradations of trace hexane under high flow rate (5 L/min-17 L/min) in the gas phase by TiO2/UV, O3/UV and O3/TiO2/UV were studied. The kinetic effects of the inlet concentration of hexane, flow rate, water concentration and ozone dosage on the conversion of hexane in the three processes were examined respectively. The experimental results showed that the addition of ozone to the photocatalysis process increased the conversion of hexane significantly. The O3/TiO2/UV process was more efficient than the TiO2/UV in decomposing hexane. The degradation rate increased with increasing the initial concentration of hexane in the processes of TiO2/UV and O3/TiO2/UV. They matched well with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model. In the range of flow rate studied, the degradation rate increased with an increasing flow rate in both processes of TiO2/UV and O3/TiO2/UV, while was not affected in the process of O3/UV. The degradation rate in the three processes was affected by water concentration. The degradation rate of the two processes O3/UV and O3/TiO2/UV increased almost linearly with the increase of ozone dosage.