First Report of Penicillium oxalicum Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot on Citrus in China.

Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) is a distinct citrus cultivar local to Zhejiang province, China. (Guo et al. 2021). In November 2021, an unknown postharvest fruit rot was observed in the Sanyang wetland Ougan planting area, Wenzhou City of Zhejiang Province (27.96 °N, 120.69 °E). About 3% of diseased fruits with similar fruit rot symptoms were observed in 900 mandarin fruits from four commercial storages. Initially, the symptoms appeared as light brown lesions that turned deep brown as the lesions expanded. To identify the pathogen, segments (5 mm2) from margins of rotted tissue were excised from 5 symptomatic fruits, surface disinfested twice with 75% ethanol, rinsed three times with sterilized water, placed aseptically onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated for 7 days at 25℃ in darkness for identification. Five fungal isolates with the same morphology were obtained using the single spore method (Leslie and Summerell 2006). Initially, the fungus produced fluffy and white aerial mycelium that eventually turned green on PDA medium after 3 days. Conidiophores were broom-shaped (17.5 ± 2.5 µm) (n=50). Conidia were unicellular and ellipsoid (3.5 to 5.0 ×2.5 to 4.0 µm) (n=50). These morphological characteristics were consistent with Penicillium species (Wu et al. 2022). WZU-OG1 was chosen as a representative isolate for further study. For molecular identification, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were performed using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), bt2a/bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and RPB2-5F/RPB2-7R (Liu et al. 1999) to amplify the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, ß-tubulin gene (TUB), and a portion of RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2). The ITS, TUB, and RPB2 gene sequences of isolate WZU-OG1 were deposited in the GenBank database with acc. nos. ON332735, ON428245, and ON524171, respectively. BLASTn analysis respectively showed 561/561 (MH855125), 414/427 (KF296462), and 936/954 (JN121456) matching with Penicillium oxalicum CBS 219.30. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences (ITS, TUB, and RPB2) grouped this isolate in the Penicillium oxalicum species complex clade at 100% bootstrap support. To verify pathogenicity, 20 healthy mandarin fruit of cultivar Sanyang were superficially disinfested with 75% ethanol and then washed with distilled water. A conidial suspension of 1 × 105 conidia/ml from a 5-day-old culture of WZU-OG1 was injected into 10 fruits (10 µL per fruit). An equal number of fruits inoculated with sterile water were used as the negative control. The inoculated fruits were stored in a constant temperature incubator under the conditions of 28 ℃, 90% humidity, and incubated in a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle for 12 days. Symptoms similar to those on the naturally infected fruit began 5 days after inoculation, whereas no symptoms occurred on the controls. The experiment was repeated three times, and similar symptoms were observed in all diseased fruits. Then, the fungus was reisolated from these infected fruits and identified as P. oxalicum by the morphological and molecular methods described above. This is the first report of P. oxalicum causing postharvest mandarin decay and this study will enable us to rapidly diagnose this disease, identify the occurrence of this disease and develop adequate management strategies to control it in China.

Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on Modification of Areca Fiber/Natural Latex.

In this paper, the areca fiber was extracted by physical and chemical treatment, and then the areca fiber/natural latex composite was prepared by natural latex impregnation technology. In order to combine areca fiber and natural rubber latex better, three silane coupling agents with different action mechanism were selected: Si-69, KH550, and KH570 which were used to treat the areca fiber/natural latex compound. The results show that the silane coupling agent can change the surface of the fiber from hydrophilic surface to organophilic surface, making the bonding of areca fiber to natural latex more closely. At the same time, the mechanical properties, physical and mechanical properties, swelling properties, and dynamic viscoelastic properties of the tightly bonded areca fiber/nature latex composites were improved. After observing the micro-structure through a scanning electron microscope, it was found that the three silane coupling agents could effectively bind areca fiber and natural latex to enhance the performance of the composite material, of which Si-69 performed best, and the tensile strength and tear strength of the composite increased by 21.19% and 12.90% respectively.