Lipid metabolism disorder in diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a significant complication associated with diabetes mellitus, presents limited treatment options. The progression of DKD is marked by substantial lipid disturbances, including alterations in triglycerides, cholesterol, sphingolipids, phospholipids, lipid droplets, and bile acids (BAs). Altered lipid metabolism serves as a crucial pathogenic mechanism in DKD, potentially intertwined with cellular ferroptosis, lipophagy, lipid metabolism reprogramming, and immune modulation of gut microbiota (thus impacting the liver-kidney axis). The elucidation of these mechanisms opens new potential therapeutic pathways for DKD management. This research explores the link between lipid metabolism disruptions and DKD onset.

Virtual Photon-Mediated Quantum State Transfer and Remote Entanglement between Spin Qubits in Quantum Dots Using Superadiabatic Pulses.

Spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots are an attractive candidate for scalable quantum information processing. Reliable quantum state transfer and entanglement between spatially separated spin qubits is a highly desirable but challenging goal. Here, we propose a fast and high-fidelity quantum state transfer scheme for two spin qubits mediated by virtual microwave photons. Our general strategy involves using a superadiabatic pulse to eliminate non-adiabatic transitions, without the need for increased control complexity. We show that arbitrary quantum state transfer can be achieved with a fidelity of 95.1% within a 60 ns short time under realistic parameter conditions. We also demonstrate the robustness of this scheme to experimental imperfections and environmental noises. Furthermore, this scheme can be directly applied to the generation of a remote Bell entangled state with a fidelity as high as 97.6%. These results pave the way for fault-tolerant quantum computation on spin quantum network architecture platforms.

Causal relationship between nutritional assessment phenotypes and heart failure: A Mendelian randomization study.

Introduction: Malnutrition is strongly associated with heart failure (HF); however, the causal link remains unclear. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to infer causal associations between different nutritional assessment phenotypes and HF and to analyze whether these associations were mediated by common HF risk factors. Methods: Two-sample bidirectional MR was used to infer causal associations between nutritional assessment phenotypes and HF. Mutual influences between different nutritional assessment phenotypes and potential correlations were estimated using multivariate MR methods. Two-step MR was used to quantify the mediating effects of common HF risk factors on the causal associations. Results: Three phenotypes were positively associated with the development of HF: waist circumference (WC) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-1.90; P = 3.95 × 10-39), body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.70; 95%CI, 1.60-1.80; P = 1.35 × 10-73), and whole body fat mass (WBFM) (OR = 1.54; 95%CI, 1.44-1.65; P = 4.82 × 10-37). Multivariate MR indicated that WBFM remained positively associated with HF after conditioning on BMI and WC (OR = 2.05; 95%CI, 1.27-3.31; P = 0.003). Three phenotypes were negatively correlated with the development of HF: usual walking pace (UWP) (OR = 0.40; 95%CI, 0.27-0.60; P = 8.41 × 10-6), educational attainment (EA) (OR = 0.73; 95%CI, 0.67-0.79; P = 2.27 × 10-13), and total cholesterol (TC) (OR = 0.90; 95%CI, 0.84-0.96; P = 4.22 × 10-3). There was a bidirectional causality between HF and UWP (Effect estimate = -0.03; 95%CI, -0.05 to -0.01; P = 1.95 × 10-3). Mediation analysis showed that common risk factors for HF (hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease) mediated these causal associations (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: BMI, WC, and WBFM are potential risk factors for HF, and the correlation between WBFM and HF was significantly stronger than that between BMI and WC, and HF. EA, UWP, and TC are potential protective factors against HF. Common risk factors for HF mediate these causal pathways. Early identification of potential risk or protective factors for HF patients from the dimension of nutritional status is expected to further improve patient outcomes.

Genus Paeonia monoterpene glycosides: A systematic review on their pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Genus Paeonia, which is the main source of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Paeoniae Radix Rubra (Chishao in Chinese), Paeoniae Radix Alba (Baishao in Chinese) and Moutan Cortex (Mudanpi in Chinese), is rich in active pharmaceutical ingredient such as monoterpenoid glycosides (MPGs). MPGs from Paeonia have extensive pharmacological effects, but the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of MPGs has not been comprehensively reviewed. PURPOSE: MPGs compounds are one of the main chemical components of the genus Paeonia, with a wide variety of compounds and strong pharmacological activities, and the structure of the mother nucleus-pinane skeleton is similar to that of a cage. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of MPGs from 2012 to 2023, providing reference direction for the development and utilization of Paeonia resources and preclinical research. METHODS: Keywords and phrases are widely used in database searches, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and X-Mol to search for citations related to the new compounds, extensive pharmacological research and molecular mechanisms of MPGs compounds of genus Paeonia. RESULTS: Modern research confirms that MPGs are the main compounds in Paeonia that exert pharmacological effects. MPGs with extensive pharmacological characteristics are mainly concentrated in two categories: paeoniflorin derivatives and albiflflorin derivatives among MPGs, which contains 32 compounds. Among them, 5 components including paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, 6'-O-galloylpaeoniflorin and paeoniflorigenone have been extensively studied, while the other 28 components have only been confirmed to have a certain degree of anti-inflammatory and anticomplementary effects. Studies of pharmacological effects are widely involved in nervous system, endocrine system, digestive system, immune system, etc., and some studies have identified clear mechanisms. MPGs exert pharmacological activity through multilateral mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, inhibition of cell apoptosis, regulation of brain gut axis, regulation of gut microbiota and downregulation of mitochondrial apoptosis, etc. CONCLUSION: This systematic review delved into the pharmacological effects and related molecular mechanisms of MPGs. However, there are still some compounds in MPGs whose pharmacological effects and pharmacological mechanisms have not been clarified. In addition, extensive clinical randomized trials are needed to verify the efficacy and dosage of MPGs.

Prognostic value of Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index and systemic immune-inflammatory index in elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) combined with the Systemic Immunoinflammatory Index (SII) for the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1202 elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes divided into MACE and non-MACE groups according to whether they had a MACE. The sensitivity analysis utilized advanced machine learning algorithms to preliminarily identify the critical role of GNRI versus SII in predicting MACE risk. We conducted a detailed analysis using a restricted cubic spline approach to investigate the nonlinear relationship between GNRI, SII, and MACE risk further. We constructed a clinical prediction model based on three key factors: GNRI, SII, and Age. To validate the accuracy and usefulness of this model, we compared it to the widely used GRACE score using subject work and recall curves. Additionally, we compared the predictive value of models and GRACE scores in assessing the risk of MACE using the Integrated Discriminant Improvement Index (IDI) and the Net Reclassification Index (NRI). This study included 827 patients. The GNRI scores were lower in the MACE group than in the non-MACE group, while the SII scores were higher in the MACE group (P < 0.001). The multifactorial analysis revealed a low GNRI (OR = 2.863, 95% CI: 2.026-4.047, P = 0.001), High SII (OR = 3.102, 95% CI: 2.213-4.348, P = 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for the predictive model was 0.778 (95% CI: 0.744-0.813, P = 0.001), while the AUC for the GRACE score was 0.744 (95% CI: 0.708-0.779, P = 0.001). NRI was calculated to be 0.5569, with NRI + at 0.1860 and NRI- at 0.3708. The IDI was found to be 0.0571, with a P-value of less than 0.001. These results suggest that the newly developed prediction model is more suitable for use with the population in this study than the GRACE score. The model constructed using GNRI and SII demonstrated good standardization and clinical impact, as evidenced by the standard, DCA, and clinical impact curves. The study shows that combining GNRI and SII can be a simple, cost-effective, and valuable way to predict the risk of MACE within one year in elderly acute coronary syndromes.

Role of Gut Microbiota, Immune Imbalance, and Allostatic Load in the Occurrence and Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevailing complication arising from diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, there are no trustworthy and efficacious treatment modalities currently available. In recent times, compelling evidence has emerged regarding the intricate correlation between the kidney and the gut microbiota, which is considered the largest immune organ within the human physique. Various investigations have demonstrated that the perturbation of the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites potentially underlie the etiology and progression of DKD. This phenomenon may transpire through perturbation of both the innate and the adaptive immunity, leading to a burdensome allostatic load on the body and ultimately culminating in the development of DKD. Within this literature review, we aim to delve into the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and the immune system in the context of DKD. Furthermore, we strive to explore and elucidate potential chemical interventions that could hold promise for the treatment of DKD, thereby offering invaluable insights and directions for future research endeavors.

Comparative analysis of four nutritional scores predicting the incidence of MACE in older adults with acute coronary syndromes after PCI.

To determine the most appropriate nutritional assessment tool for predicting the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within 1 year in elderly ACS patients undergoing PCI from four nutritional assessment tools including PNI, GNRI, CONUT, and BMI. Consecutive cases diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Air force characteristic medical center from 1 January 2020 to 1 April 2022 were retrospectively collected. The basic clinical characteristics and relevant test and examination indexes were collected uniformly, and the cases were divided into the MACE group (174 cases) and the non-MACE group (372 cases) according to whether a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) had occurred within 1 year. Predictive models were constructed to assess the nutritional status of patients with the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), Controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scores, and Body Mass Index (BMI), respectively, and to analyze their relationship with prognosis. The incremental value of the four nutritional assessment tools in predicting risk was compared using the Integrated Discriminant Improvement (IDI) and the net reclassification improvement (NRI). The predictive effect of each model on the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within 1 year in elderly ACS patients undergoing PCI was assessed using area under the ROC curve (AUC), calibration curves, decision analysis curves, and clinical impact curves; comparative analyses were performed. Among the four nutritional assessment tools, the area under the curve (AUC) was significantly higher for the PNI (AUC: 0.798, 95%CI 0.755-0.840 P < 0.001) and GNRI (AUC: 0.760, 95%CI 0.715-0.804 P < 0.001) than for the CONUT (AUC: 0.719,95%CI 0.673-0.765 P < 0.001) and BMI (AUC: 0.576, 95%CI 0.522-0.630 P < 0.001). The positive predictive value (PPV) of PNI: 67.67% was better than GNRI, CONUT, and BMI, and the negative predictive value (NPV): of 83.90% was better than CONUT and BMI and similar to the NPV of GNRI. The PNI, GNRI, and CONUT were compared with BMI, respectively. The PNI had the most significant improvement in the Integrated Discriminant Improvement Index (IDI) (IDI: 0.1732, P < 0.001); the PNI also had the most significant improvement in the Net Reclassification Index (NRI) (NRI: 0.8185, P < 0.001). In addition, of the four nutritional assessment tools used in this study, the PNI was more appropriate for predicting the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within 1 year in elderly ACS patients undergoing PCI.

S haplotype collection in Brassicaceae crops-an updated list of S haplotypes.

Self-incompatibility is the system that inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube growth by self-pollen. This trait is important for the breeding of Brassica and Raphanus species. In these species, self-incompatibility is governed by the S locus, which contains three linked genes (a set called the S haplotype), i.e., S-locus receptor kinase, S-locus cysteine-rich protein/S-locus protein 11, and S-locus glycoprotein. A large number of S haplotypes have been identified in Brassica oleracea, B. rapa, and Raphanus sativus to date, and the nucleotide sequences of their many alleles have also been registered. In this state, it is important to avoid confusion between S haplotypes, i.e., an identical S haplotype with different names and a different S haplotype with an identical S haplotype number. To mitigate this issue, we herein constructed a list of S haplotypes that are easily accessible to the latest nucleotide sequences of S-haplotype genes, together with revisions to and an update of S haplotype information. Furthermore, the histories of the S-haplotype collection in the three species are reviewed, the importance of the collection of S haplotypes as a genetic resource is discussed, and the management of information on S haplotypes is proposed.

Bibliometric analysis of traditional Chinese medicine research on heart failure in the 21st century based on the WOS database.

Introduction: Heart Failure (HF) is a key area of research in human medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important branch of this field. This study aimed to use bibliometric methods to sort out the trajectory of TCM research on HF in this century (2000-2022) from a high dimension and to analyze its characteristics, hotspots and frontiers. Methods: In this study, the search formula "TS=(("traditional Chinese medicine") OR ("Chinese medicine")) AND TS=("heart failure")" was used to find relevant studies included in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2000 to 2022. Targeted literature records were analyzed and mapped using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results: The authors and collaborators of this study were still in the formation process, but several well-known scholars were included: YONG WANG, WEI WANG, etc. The main research institutions in this research area were Beijing Univ Chinese Med, China Acad Chinese Med Sc, etc. The main country of study was China. Current research hotspots and frontiers were Qili Qiangxin capsules, extracts (Tanshinone ⅡA, Panax ginseng, etc.), cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling, oxidative stress, signaling pathways, network pharmacology, etc. Influential journals that publish papers in this field were the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Scientific Reports, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, etc. The top 3 co-cited journals were Circulation, J ethnopharmacol, and J am coll cardiol. Conclusions: We analyzed valuable details in TCM research on HF in the 21st century, which may help researchers identify potential collaborators and partner institutions, hotspots, and frontiers in the field.

Research progress of rhizosphere microorganisms in Fritillaria L. medicinal plants.

The soil's rhizosphere is a highly active place where the exchange of substances and information occurs among plants, soils, and microorganisms. The microorganisms involved are crucial to the activities of plant growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction. Fritillaria L. medicinal plants are unique Chinese medicinal ingredients, but the continuous cropping obstacles formed in the artificial planting process is severely harmful to the growth and development of these medicinal plants. In this review, we summarized the current species and distribution of Fritillaria L. in China, and analyzed the changes in microbial diversity (mainly among bacteria and fungi) in the rhizosphere of these plants under long-term continuous cropping. The fungi showed an increasing trend in the soil rhizosphere, resulting in the transition of the soil from the high-fertility "bacterial type" to the low-fertility "fungal type" as planting years increased. Furthermore, the interaction between Fritillaria L. medicinal plants and the rhizosphere microorganisms was reviewed, and promising applications for the rhizosphere microbiome in the cultivation of Fritillaria L. medicinal plants were suggested. It is expected that this review will facilitate the in-depth understanding of rhizosphere microorganisms in the growth, accumulation of active ingredients, and disease control of Fritillaria L.

Progress in the treatment of drug-induced liver injury with natural products.

There are numerous prescription drugs and non-prescription drugs that cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which is the main cause of liver disease in humans around the globe. Its mechanism becomes clearer as the disease is studied further. For an instance, when acetaminophen (APAP) is taken in excess, it produces N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) that binds to biomacromolecules in the liver causing liver injury. Treatment of DILI with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown to be effective. For example, activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway as well as regulation of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, coupling, and excretion are the mechanisms by which ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) treats APAP-induced acute liver injury. Nevertheless, reducing the toxicity of TCM in treating DILI is still a problem to be overcome at present and in the future. Accumulated evidences show that hydrogel-based nanocomposite may be an excellent carrier for TCM. Therefore, we reviewed TCM with potential anti-DILI, focusing on the signaling pathway of these drugs' anti-DILI effect, as well as the possibility and prospect of treating DILI by TCM based on hydrogel materials in the future. In conclusion, this review provides new insights to further explore TCM in the treatment of DILI.

Efficacy of Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycaemia in Renal Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs used to treat patients with renal disease. This study pooled the current evidence of the efficacy of Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia in renal disease. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to September 1, 2021. The meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis and bias analysis were performed using Review Manager 5. 3. Results: In this study, seven RCTs with 797 patients were included in our analysis. The analysis revealed that glucocorticoids had a certain alleviating effect on the reduction of renal function. (risk ratio [RR] 0.49 95% confidence interval [Cl] 0. 28 to 0.85, p =0.01) and reduction of proteinuria (weight mean difference [WMD] -0.43; 95% CI -0.57 to-0.28) when compared with the control group. Patients receiving glucocorticoids therapy did not have an increased risk of developing new-onset diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. (RR 3.76 95% CI 0.54 to 26.10, p =0.18). For other safety outcomes, glucocorticoids therapy did not increase risk of respiratory infections (RR 1.63, 95% CI 0. 69to3. 89, p =0.27) and Gastrointestinal SAEs is relatively controversial (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.32 to 3.79, p =0.88). Discussion. In conclusion, current clinical evidence indicates that glucocorticoids is efficacious and safe to renal disease compared with control. Further research comparing long-term glucocorticoids use is needed.

Long-circulating doxorubicin and schizandrin A liposome with drug-resistant liver cancer activity: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic.

The selectivity of chemotherapeutic agents for liver cancer is poor. When they kill tumour cells, they produce serious adverse reactions in the whole body and multidrug resistance (MDR) is also a major hurdle in liver cancer chemotherapy. Combination therapy is a useful method for overcoming MDR and reducing toxic and side effects. In this study, we developed a long-circulating codelivery system, in which doxorubicin (DOX) and schizandrin A (SchA) are combined against MCF-7/ADR cells. The DOX-SchA long-circulating liposome (DOX-SchA-Lip) was prepared using ammonium sulphate gradient method. The two drugs were co-encapsulated into the distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol (DSPE-mPEG2000) liposome and the liposome had an average particle size of (100 ± 3.5) nm and zeta electrical potential of (-31.3 ± 0.5) mV. The average encapsulation rate of DOX was 97.98% and that of SchA was 86.94%. DOX in liposome had good sustained-release effect. The results showed that DOX-SchA-Lip could significantly prolong the half-life (t1/2z) of the DOX and SchA, increase their circulation time in vivo, improve its bioavailability and reduce their side effects. Liposome can effectively induce early apoptosis of HepG2/ADR cells and the cell cycle was blocked in S-phase by DOX-SchA-Lip in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of compound liposome to HepG2 and HepG2/ADR were 0.55 µmol/L and 1.38 µmol/L, respectively, which could significantly reverse the resistance of HepG2/ADR and the reversion multiple was 30.28. It was verified that DOX-SchA-Lip can effectively kill tumour cells and reverse MDR.

The Pathological Mechanism and Potential Application of IL-38 in Autoimmune Diseases.

Interleukin-38 (IL-38), a new cytokine of interleukin-1 family (IL-1F), is expressed in the human heart, kidney, skin, etc. Recently, new evidence indicated that IL-38 is involved in the process of different autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are a cluster of diseases accompanied with tissue damage caused by autoimmune reactions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, etc. This review summarized the links between IL-38 and autoimmune diseases, as well as the latest knowledge about the function and regulatory mechanism of IL-38 in autoimmune diseases. Especially, this review focused on the differentiation of immune cells and explore future prospects, such as the application of IL-38 in new technologies. Understanding the function of IL-38 is helpful to shed light on the progress of autoimmune diseases.

The Therapeutic Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Inflammatory Diseases Caused by Virus, Especially on Those Caused by COVID-19.

Inflammasomes are large multimolecular complexes best recognized because of their ability to control activation of caspase-1, which in turn regulates the maturation of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin-1 ß (IL-1ß). IL-1ß was originally identified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, capable of inducing local and systemic inflammation as well as a fever response reaction in response to infection or injury. Excessive production of IL-1ß is related to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are characterized by excessive inflammatory response. For SARS, there is no correlation between viral load and worsening symptoms. However, there is no specific medicine which is available to treat the disease. As an important part of medical practice, TCM showed an obvious therapeutic effect in SARS-CoV-infected patients. In this article, we summarize the current applications of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Herein, we also offer an insight into the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of TCM, as well as introduce new naturally occurring compounds with anti-coronavirus activity, in order to provide a new and potential drug development strategy for the treatment of COVID-19.

Acute and life-threatening complications in patients with anorexia nervosa: A case report and literature study.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by a strong fear of weight gain and body image disorders and is classified as a mental illness that can cause direct damage to one's mental health and body. Many individuals with AN tend to commit suicide. Additionally, the disease can lead to chronic undernutrition and low body weight, adversely affecting each body system, exacerbating systemic medical complications, especially acute life-threatening complications. Therefore, AN has the highest mortality and disability rates among all mental diseases. There is a basic clinical need to identify and address the acute and critical complications of this disease as soon as possible. However, the current literature has a poor description of the acute and critical complications of AN and lacks a systematic review. We report a case of a patient with AN and severe hypokalemia, significant Q-T interval prolongation, stomach dilation, and intestinal obstruction who recovered after conservative treatment. The defecation method we used, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported in the literature. We also briefly review the various acute and life-threatening complications of AN.

A noise-resisted scheme of dynamical decoupling pulses for quantum memories.

Stable quantum memories that capable of storing quantum information for long time scales are an essential building block for an array of potential applications. The long memory time are usually achieved via dynamical decoupling technique involving decoupling of the memory states from its local environment. However, because this process is strongly limited by the errors in the pulses, an noise-protected scheme remains challenging in the field of quantum memories. Here we propose a scheme to design a noise-resisted [Formula: see text] pulse, which features high fidelity exceeding [Formula: see text] under realistic situations. Using this [Formula: see text] pulse we can generate different dynamical decoupling sequences that preserve high fidelity for long time scales. The versatility, robustness, and potential scalability of this method may allow for various applications in quantum memories technology.

Spin-photon module for scalable network architecture in quantum dots.

Reliable information transmission between spatially separated nodes is fundamental to a network architecture for scalable quantum technology. Spin qubit in semiconductor quantum dots is a promising candidate for quantum information processing. However, there remains a challenge to design a practical path from the existing experiments to scalable quantum processor. Here we propose a module consisting of spin singlet-triplet qubits and single microwave photons. We show a high degree of control over interactions between the spin qubit and the quantum light field can be achieved. Furthermore, we propose preparation of a shaped single photons with an efficiency of 98%, and deterministic quantum state transfer and entanglement generation between remote nodes with a high fidelity of 90%. This spin-photon module has met the threshold of particular designed error-correction protocols, thus provides a feasible approach towards scalable quantum network architecture.

The Role of IL-35 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Liver Disease.

It is known that liver diseases have several characteristics of massive lipid accumulation and lipid metabolic disorder, and are divided into liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients. Interleukin (IL)-35, a new-discovered cytokine, can protect the liver from the environmental attack by increasing the ratio of Tregs (T regulatory cells) which can increase the anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit the proliferation of immune cellular. Interestingly, two opposite mechanisms (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) have connection with the ultimate formation of liver diseases, which suggest that IL-35 may play crucial function in the process of liver diseases through immunosuppressive regulation. Besides, some obvious advantages also imply that IL-35 can be considered as a new therapeutic target to control the progression of liver diseases, while its mechanism of function still needs further research.

Publisher Correction: Environment spectrum and coherence behaviours in a rare-earth doped crystal for quantum memory.

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