Genomic investigation and nationwide tracking of pediatric invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella in China.

Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) causes significant concern with ~15% morbidity, affecting populations mainly in African countries. However, iNTS infections among the Chinese pediatric population remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genomic investigation to study pediatric iNTS infections in a Chinese hospital. iNTS isolates accounted for 15.2% (18/119) of all nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains. Compared to non-iNTS isolates, iNTS isolates harbored a lower prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes of fluoroquinolones and ß-lactams, as well as disinfectant determinants and plasmids, but carried a significantly higher prevalence of cdtB, faeCDE, and tcpC genes. Importantly, we detected an emerging serovar Goldcoast as the predominant iNTS serovar locally. By integrating 320 global Goldcoast genomes based on the One Health samplings, we conducted nationwide phylogenomic tracking and detected repeated human-to-human transmission events among iNTS cases caused by an underestimated serovar Goldcoast. Together, our exploratory genomic approach highlights a new trend in pediatric iNTS infections.

[Rapid determination of 15 N-nitrosamines in air-dried yak meat using one-step QuEChERS-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry].

A method based on gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) coupled with one-step QuEChERS technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 N-nitrosamines in air-dried yak meat. The hydration volume, extraction solvent, extracting salt, and cleaning material were optimized according to the characteristics of the N-nitrosamines and sample matrix. The optimized conditions were as follows: 10 mL of purified water for sample hydration, acetonitrile as the extraction solvent for the sample after hydration, 4.0 g of anhydrous MgSO4 and 1.0 g of NaCl as extracting salts, 500 mg of MgSO4+25 mg of C18+50 mg of PSA as cleaning materials. Favorable recoveries of the 15 N-nitrosamines were obtained when the extraction solution was incompletely dried. Thus, the final extract was dried to below 0.5 mL under a mild nitrogen stream and then redissolved to 0.5 mL with acetonitrile. After filtration, 200 µL of the sample was transferred to an autosampler vial for GC-MS/MS analysis. The 15 N-nitrosamines were determined using GC-MS/MS on a DB-HeavyWAX column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm) with an electron impact ion source in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified using an external standard method. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the results showed that the calibration curves exhibited good linearities for the 15 N-nitrosamines, with correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 µg/kg and from 0.10 to 0.50 µg/kg, respectively. At spiked levels of 1LOQ, 2LOQ, and 10LOQ, the average recoveries were 79.4%-102.1%, 80.6%-109.5%, and 83.0%-110.6%, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 0.8%-16.0%. The low matrix effects of the 15 N-nitrosamines indicated the high sensitivity of the proposed method. The method was applied to detect representative commercial air-dried yak meat samples obtained using different processing techniques. Seven N-nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiisobutylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine, N-methyl-N-phenylnitrous amide, N-ethyl-N-nitrosoaniline, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, and N-nitrosodiphenylamine were detected in all samples. The average contents of the seven N-nitrosamines was 0.08-20.18 µg/kg. The detection rates and average contents of the N-nitrosamines in cooked air-dried yak meat samples were higher than those in traditional raw air-dried yak meat samples. Compared with the manual QuEChERS method, the one-step QuEChERS method developed integrated the extraction and clean-up procedures into one single run, and the detection efficiency was considerably improved. The developed method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and insusceptible to human errors. Thus, it is useful for the determination of N-nitrosamines in air-dried yak meat and can be extended to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of N-nitrosamines in other meat products. It also provides method support and a data reference for the general determination of N-nitrosamines, which is of great significance for food safety.

High correlated color temperature artificial lighting impairs retinal pigment epithelium integrity and chloride ion transport: A potential mechanism for choroidal thinning.

Among the environmental factors contributing to myopia, the role of correlated color temperature (CCT) of ambient light emerges as a key element warranting in-depth investigation. The choroid, a highly vascularized and dynamic structure, often undergoes thinning during the progression of myopia, though the precise mechanism remains elusive. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the outermost layer of the retina, plays a pivotal role in regulating the transport of ion and fluid between the subretinal space and the choroid. A hypothesis suggests that variations in choroidal thickness (ChT) may be modulated by transepithelial fluid movement across the RPE. Our experimental results demonstrate that high CCT illumination significantly compromised the integrity of tight junctions in the RPE and disrupted chloride ion transport. This functional impairment of the RPE may lead to a reduction in fluid transfer across the RPE, consequently resulting in choroidal thinning and potentially accelerating axial elongation. Our findings provide support for the crucial role of the RPE in regulating ChT. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential hazards posed by high CCT artificial illumination on the RPE, the choroid, and refractive development, underscoring the importance of developing eye-friendly artificial light sources to aid in the prevention and control of myopia.

Association of systemic chronic inflammation during pregnancy in different periods and its trajectories with preterm birth.

PROBLEM: Systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) is a prevalent characteristic observed in various diseases originating from different tissues, while the association of SCI with preterm birth (PTB) remains uncertain. This study aimed to analyze the association between a nonspecific biomarker of SCI and PTB, while also exploring the trajectories of SCI in pregnant women at risk of PTB. METHOD OF STUDY: The study used data from the Electronic Medical Record System (EMRS) of a hospital in Zhejiang, China and 9226 pregnant women were included. The duration of pregnancy was categorized into four distinct periods: the first, early-second, late-second, and third trimester. Latent class trajectory modeling (LCTM) was used to identify the trajectories of SCI during pregnancy. RESULTS: The elevated WBC counts in the late-second (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.23) and third (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.24) trimester were both positively associated with an evaluated risk of PTB. Moreover, significant dose-response relationships were observed. There were three distinct SCI trajectories found: progressing SCI (2.89%), high SCI (7.13%), and low SCI (89.98%). Pregnant women with progressive SCI had the highest risk of PTB (OR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.47-6.25). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, elevated SCI after 23 weeks was a risk factor for PTB in healthy women, even if the SCI indicator was within normal range. Pregnant women with progressive SCI during pregnancy had the highest risk of PTB.

IFI35 regulates non-canonical NF-κB signaling to maintain glioblastoma stem cells and recruit tumor-associated macrophages.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor characterized by a highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The symbiotic interactions between glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the TME are critical for tumor progression. Here, we identified that IFI35, a transcriptional regulatory factor, plays both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic roles in maintaining GSCs and the immunosuppressive TME. IFI35 induced non-canonical NF-kB signaling through proteasomal processing of p105 to the DNA-binding transcription factor p50, which heterodimerizes with RELB (RELB/p50), and activated cell chemotaxis in a cell-autonomous manner. Further, IFI35 induced recruitment and maintenance of M2-like TAMs in TME in a paracrine manner. Targeting IFI35 effectively suppressed in vivo tumor growth and prolonged survival of orthotopic xenograft-bearing mice. Collectively, these findings reveal the tumor-promoting functions of IFI35 and suggest that targeting IFI35 or its downstream effectors may provide effective approaches to improve GBM treatment.

The contribution of periaqueductal gray in the regulation of physiological and pathological behaviors.

Periaqueductal gray (PAG), an integration center for neuronal signals, is located in the midbrain and regulates multiple physiological and pathological behaviors, including pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety and depression, cardiovascular response, respiration, and sleep-wake behaviors. Due to the different neuroanatomical connections and functional characteristics of the four functional columns of PAG, different subregions of PAG synergistically regulate various instinctual behaviors. In the current review, we summarized the role and possible neurobiological mechanism of different subregions of PAG in the regulation of pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety, and depression from the perspective of the up-down neuronal circuits of PAG. Furthermore, we proposed the potential clinical applications of PAG. Knowledge of these aspects will give us a better understanding of the key role of PAG in physiological and pathological behaviors and provide directions for future clinical treatments.

Experience with aortic arch inclusion technique using artificial blood vessel for type A aortic dissection: an application study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to elucidate the methodology and assess the efficacy of the aortic arch inclusion technique using an artificial blood vessel in managing acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 18 patients (11 males and 7 females, average age: 56.2 ± 8.6 years) diagnosed with ATAAD who underwent total aortic arch replacement (TAAR) using an artificial vascular "inclusion" between June 2020 and October 2022. During the operation, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) of the right axillary artery were employed for brain protection. The 'inclusion' total aortic arch replacement and stented elephant trunk (SET) surgery were performed. RESULTS: Four patients underwent the Bentall procedure during the study, with one additional patient requiring coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to significant involvement of the right coronary orifice. Three patients died during postoperative hospitalization. Other notable complications included two cases of postoperative renal failure necessitating continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), one case of postoperative double lower limb paraplegia, and one case of cerebral infarction resulting in unilateral impairment of the left upper limb. Eleven patients underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) examinations of the aorta three months to one-year post-operation. The CTA results revealed thrombosis in the false lumen surrounding the aortic arch stent in seven patients and complete thrombosis of the false lumen around the descending aortic stent in eight patients. One patient had partial thrombosis of the false lumen around the descending aortic stent, and another patient's false lumen in the thoracic and abdominal aorta completely resolved after one year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating vascular graft in aortic arch replacement simplifies the procedure and yields promising short-term outcomes. It achieves the aim of total arch replacement using a four-branch prosthetic graft. However, extensive sampling and thorough, prolonged follow-up observations are essential to fully evaluate the long-term results.

SDCBP modulates tumor microenvironment, tumor progression and anti-PD1 efficacy in colorectal cancer.

Anti-programmed cell death 1 (aPD1) therapy has yielded limited success in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Syndecan binding protein (SDCBP), encodes a PDZ domain-containing protein that is essential for cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction. Here, we investigated the effect of SDCBP on tumor progression, immunotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC. High expression of SDCBP is associated with non-response to immunotherapy and correlated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS) in CRC patients. Inhibiting SDCBP by transfecting shRNA or using its inhibitor zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) hindered proliferation and metastasis while enhancing the efficacy of aPD1 treatment in a mouse xenograft model and liver metastasis model. The TME of CRC was significantly altered following ZnPT treatment characterized by a reduced amount of M2 macrophages and a heightened percentage of M1 macrophages. The co-culture system of CRC cells and macrophages provided evidence that SDCBP silencing promoted the repolarisation of M2 macrophages into M1. SDCBP promotes the proliferation, metastasis, and immunotherapy resistance of CRC. Thus, ZnPT represents an effective SDCBP inhibitor and exhibits considerable potential for combination with aPD1 to enhance immunotherapy efficacy.

Transceptor NRT1.1 and receptor-kinase QSK1 complex controls PM H+-ATPase activity under low nitrate.

NRT1.1, a nitrate transceptor, plays an important role in nitrate binding, sensing, and nitrate-dependent lateral root (LR) morphology. However, little is known about NRT1.1-mediated nitrate signaling transduction through plasma membrane (PM)-localized proteins. Through in-depth phosphoproteome profiling using membranes of Arabidopsis roots, we identified receptor kinase QSK1 and plasma membrane H+-ATPase AHA2 as potential downstream components of NRT1.1 signaling in a mild low-nitrate (LN)-dependent manner. QSK1, as a functional kinase and molecular link, physically interacts with NRT1.1 and AHA2 at LN and specifically phosphorylates AHA2 at S899. Importantly, we found that LN, not high nitrate (HN), induces formation of the NRT1.1-QSK1-AHA2 complex in order to repress the proton efflux into the apoplast by increased phosphorylation of AHA2 at S899. Loss of either NRT1.1 or QSK1 thus results in a higher T947/S899 phosphorylation ratio on AHA2, leading to enhanced pump activity and longer LRs under LN. Our results uncover a regulatory mechanism in which NRT1.1, under LN conditions, promotes coreceptor QSK1 phosphorylation and enhances the NRT1.1-QSK1 complex formation to transduce LN sensing to the PM H+-ATPase AHA2, controlling the phosphorylation ratio of activating and inhibitory phosphorylation sites on AHA2. This then results in altered proton pump activity, apoplast acidification, and regulation of NRT1.1-mediated LR growth.

Comparison of the CASA and InVEST models' effects for estimating spatiotemporal differences in carbon storage of green spaces in megacities.

Urban green space is a direct way to improve the carbon sink capacity of urban ecosystems. The carbon storage assessment of megacity green spaces is of great significance to the service function of urban ecosystems and the management of urban carbon zoning in the future. Based on multi-period remote sensing image data, this paper used the CASA model and the InVEST model to analyze the spatio-temporal variation and driving mechanism of carbon storage in Shenzhen green space and discussed the applicability of the two models to the estimation of carbon storage in urban green space. The research results showed that, from 2008 to 2022, in addition to the rapid expansion of construction land, the area of green space and other land types in Shenzhen showed a significant decrease trend. The estimation results of the carbon storage model showed that the carbon storage of green space shows a significant trend of reduction from 2008 to 2022, and the reduction amounts are 0.8 × 106 t (CASA model) and 0.64 × 106 t (InVEST model), respectively. The evaluation results of the model show that, in megacities, the spatial applicability of InVEST model is lower than that of CASA model, and the CASA model is more accurate in estimating the carbon storage of urban green space. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the carbon sink capacity of megacity ecosystems with the goal of "dual carbon".

A retrospective study of inpatients diagnosed with degloving skin and soft tissue injuries.

The overall picture of degloving skin and soft tissue injuries (DSTI) remains a blank space in China. Therefore, a retrospective study was designed to summarize the current situation of this injury. Patients diagnosed with DSTI hospitalized between 2013 and 2018 were identified from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) database, of whom demographics, injury characteristics, hospitalization and cost information were analyzed. A total of 62,709 patients were enrolled in this study. Male sex predominated, with a mean age of 43.01 ± 19.70 years. Peasants seemed to be the most vulnerable. East China and Hubei province had the most patients. The most and least frequently injured anatomic site were lower extremity and torso, respectively. Traffic-related accidents and summer accounted for the highest proportion in terms of injury mechanism and season. The operation rate of DSTI roughly showed a growing trend, and the average length of stay was 22.02 ± 29.73 days. At discharge, 0.93% of DSTI patients ended up in death. Medicine accounted mostly for hospitalization cost, while the proportion decreased year by year. More than half DSTI patients paid at their own charge. This study made a relatively detailed description of DSTI patients nationwide, and might provide enlightenments for better prevention and treatment.

Aboveground plants determine the exchange of pathogens within air-phyllosphere-soil continuum in urban greenspaces.

The microbiome in the air-phyllosphere-soil continuum of urban greenspaces plays a crucial role in re-connecting urban populations with biodiverse environmental microbiomes. However, little is known about whether plant type affects the airborne microbiomes, as well as the extent to which soil and phyllosphere microbiomes contribute to airborne microbiomes. Here we collected soil, phyllosphere and airborne microbes with different plant types (broadleaf tree, conifer tree, and grass) in urban parks. Despite the significant impacts of plant type on soil and phyllosphere microbiomes, plant type had no obvious effects on the diversity of airborne microbes but shaped airborne bacterial composition in urban greenspaces. Soil and phyllosphere microbiomes had a higher contribution to airborne bacteria in broadleaf trees (37.56%) compared to conifer trees (9.51%) and grasses (14.29%). Grass areas in urban greenspaces exhibited a greater proportion of potential pathogens compared to the tree areas. The abundance of bacterial pathogens in phyllosphere was significantly higher in grasses compared to broadleaf and conifer trees. Together, our study provides novel insights into the microbiome patterns in air-phyllosphere-soil continuum, highlighting the potential significance of reducing the proportion of extensively human-intervened grass areas in future urban environment designs to enhance the provision of ecosystem services in urban greenspaces.

Anti-immunoglobulin E provides an additional therapy to conventional steroids for Kimura's disease.

Kimura's disease (KD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painless subcutaneous head and neck swelling, eosinophilia, and elevated serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels. There are various therapies, including surgery, radiation, systemic steroids, and immune suppressants, but their efficacy remains moderate due to the high recurrence rate. Biologics, like monoclonal antibodies, have shown tremendous effectiveness for chronic inflammatory diseases. Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody against IgE and has not been approved for KD so far. We describe two refractory KD cases that responded to a small dose of steroids plus omalizumab. Additionally, we reviewed another 13 KD cases that were treated with biologics, including omalizumab, rituximab, dupilumab, and mepolizumab. The results indicate that biologics provide an alternative treatment strategy for KD.

A global land cover training dataset from 1984 to 2020.

State-of-the-art cloud computing platforms such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) enable regional-to-global land cover and land cover change mapping with machine learning algorithms. However, collection of high-quality training data, which is necessary for accurate land cover mapping, remains costly and labor-intensive. To address this need, we created a global database of nearly 2 million training units spanning the period from 1984 to 2020 for seven primary and nine secondary land cover classes. Our training data collection approach leveraged GEE and machine learning algorithms to ensure data quality and biogeographic representation. We sampled the spectral-temporal feature space from Landsat imagery to efficiently allocate training data across global ecoregions and incorporated publicly available and collaborator-provided datasets to our database. To reflect the underlying regional class distribution and post-disturbance landscapes, we strategically augmented the database. We used a machine learning-based cross-validation procedure to remove potentially mis-labeled training units. Our training database is relevant for a wide array of studies such as land cover change, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, urban development, among many others.

VEGF/Nrp1/HIF-1α promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma through a positive feedback loop.

To investigate the role of neuropilin1 (Nrp1) in glucose metabolism and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to analyze its mechanism of action. The CRISPR gene knockout technique was used to knock out the Nrp1 gene in two HCC cell lines. The effect of Nrp1 on the proliferation of HCC cells was assessed in the CCK8 assay and plate cloning assay. The expression levels of glucose consumption, lactate production, and essential proteins of the glycolytic pathway were detected to explore the effect of Nrp1 on glucose metabolism in HCC cells. Using CoCl2 to revert the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), the role of HIF-1α in the pro-HCC cell metabolism of Nrp1 were demonstrated. The protein synthesis inhibitor CHX and proteasome inhibitor MG-132 was used to analyze the molecular mechanism of action of Nrp1 on HIF-1α. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates and plot survival curves. Based on the CCK8 assay and plate cloning assay, we found that Nrp1 knockout significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells. Nrp1 inhibitor suppressed lactate production and glucose consumption in HCC cells. Knockout of Nrp1 decreased the expression of glycolytic pathway-related proteins and HIF-1α protein. Furthermore, by joint use of CoCl2 and NRP1 knockout, we confirmed that reverting HIF-1α expression could reverse the effect of Nrp1 knockout on HCC cell metabolism in vitro. Mechanistically, Nrp1 showed a close correlation with the stability of HIF-1α protein in protein stability assay. Finally, we revealed that high expression of Nrp1 in HCC tissues was associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival of the patients. Nrp1 accelerates glycolysis and promotes proliferation of HCC by regulating HIF-1α protein stability and through the VEGF/Nrp1/HIF-1α positive feedback loop.