Clinical Characteristics of Children With Foreign Bodies in the Digestive Tract and Analysis of Risk Factors for Serious Complications.

Foreign bodies (FBs) in the digestive tract are common in children, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of children with FBs in the digestive tract and discuss the risk factors for serious complications. We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of 139 children with FBs in the digestive tract. Based on the severity of complications caused by FBs, the patients were divided into risk and general groups for analysis and comparison. Significant differences were observed in the retention sites of FBs, the diameter of FBs retained in the esophagus, FBs retention time exceeding 24 h, and the absence of witnesses between the 2 groups. Inadequate care, button batteries (BBs), ingested mmFBs, FBs retained in the esophagus, long-term retention, and giant gastric bezoars may cause serious complications. In addition to treating FBs and the complications, clinicians should emphasize the importance of childcare to prevent the ingestion of FBs.

Neonicotinoid insecticides and metabolites levels in neonatal first urine from southern China: Exploring links to preterm birth.

Neonicotinoids (NEOs) have indeed become the most widely used insecticides worldwide. Concerns have been raised about their potential impact on newborns due to maternal exposure and their unique neurotoxic mode of action. However, it is still poorly understood whether in utero exposure of pregnant women to environmental NEOs and their metabolites can cause carryover effects on vulnerable newborns and subsequent health consequences. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 13 NEOs and their metabolites in the first urine collected from 92 newborns, both preterm and full-term, in southern China during 2020 and 2021. NEOs and their metabolites were identified in 91 urine samples, with over 93% of samples containing a cocktail of these compounds, confirming their maternal-fetal transfer. N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, imidaclothiz, clothianidin and flonicamid were the most commonly detected analytes, with detection frequencies of 59-87% and medians of 0.024-0.291 ng/mL in the urine. The relative abundance of imidaclothiz was significantly higher in preterm newborns, those with head circumferences below 33 cm, birth lengths less than 47 cm, and weights below 2500 g (p < 0.05). When comparing newborns in the 2nd quartile of imidaclothiz concentrations with those in the 1st quartile, we observed a significant increase in the odds of preterm outcomes in the unadjusted model (odds ratio = 3.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-10.3). These results suggest that exposure to elevated concentrations of imidaclothiz may be associated with preterm birth.

Effects of a Novel Applet-Based Personalized Dietary Intervention on Dietary Intakes: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Real-World Scenario.

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel WeChat applet-based personalized dietary intervention aimed at promoting healthier dietary intakes. A two-arm parallel, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a real-world scenario and involved a total of 153 participants (the intervention group, n = 76; the control group, n = 77), lasting for 4 months in Shanghai, China. The intervention group had access to visualized nutrition evaluations through the applet during workday lunch time, while the control group received no interventions. A total of 3413 lunch dietary intake records were captured through the applet. Linear mixed models were utilized to assess the intervention effects over time. At baseline, the participants' lunchtime dietary intakes were characterized by insufficient consumption of plant foods (86.9% of the participants) and excessive intake of animal foods (79.7% of the participants). Following the commencement of the intervention, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in the animal/plant food ratio (ß = -0.03/week, p = 0.024) and the consumption of livestock and poultry meat (ß = -1.80 g/week, p = 0.035), as well as a borderline significant increase in the consumption of vegetables and fruits (ß = 3.22 g/week, p = 0.055) and plant foods (ß = 3.26 g/week, p = 0.057) over time at lunch compared to the control group. The applet-based personalized dietary intervention was feasible and effective in improving dietary intakes and, consequently, possibly may manage body weight issues in real-world scenarios.

Differential methylation patterns from clusters associated with glucose metabolism: evidence from a Shanghai twin study.

Aim: To assess the associations between genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) and glucose metabolism among a Chinese population, in particular the multisite correlation. Materials & methods: Epigenome-wide associations with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were analyzed among 100 Shanghai monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs using the Infinium HumanMethylationEPIC v2.0 BeadChip. We conducted a Pearson's correlation test, hierarchical cluster and pairwise analysis to examine the differential methylation patterns from clusters. Results: Cg01358804 (TXNIP) was identified as the most significant site associated with FPG and HbA1c. Two clusters with hypermethylated and hypomethylated patterns were observed for both FPG and HbA1c. Conclusion: Differential methylation patterns from clusters may provide new clues for epigenetic changes and biological mechanisms in glucose metabolism.

miR-148a and miR-551b-5p regulate inflammatory responses via regulating autophagy in acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common inflammatory response that occurs in the pancreas with mortality rates as high as 30 %. However, there is still no consistent and effective treatment for AP now. MicroRNA-148 was reported to be involved in AP through IL-6 signaling pathway. Therefore, we aimed to further explore the detailed mechanisms of AP, to develop more therapeutic approach for AP. Exosomes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 20 AP patients and 20 healthy volunteers to evaluate the abnormally expressed miRNA. Then pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) were transfected with retrovirus to overexpress miR-148a/miR-551b-5p to evaluate their function. Both miR-148a and miR-551b-5p were highly expressed in AP patients than these in healthy cases. Then overexpressing miR-551b-5p in PACs could regulate autophagy through directly binding to Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 6, leading to the increased secretions of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) through interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling pathway. Moreover, overexpressing miR-148a in PACs could decrease the secretions of IL-1ß and IL-18 to modulate autophagy. The exosomal miRNA-148a and miRNA-551b-5p derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AP patients may two-way mediate autophagy damage through IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, which participated in the AP pathogenesis. Our findings may provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of AP.

Protocol of a parallel, randomized controlled trial on the effects of a novel personalized nutrition approach by artificial intelligence in real world scenario.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition service needs are huge in China. Previous studies indicated that personalized nutrition (PN) interventions were effective. The aim of the present study is to identify the effectiveness and feasibility of a novel PN approach supported by artificial intelligence (AI). METHODS: This study is a two-arm parallel, randomized, controlled trial in real world scenario. The participants will be enrolled among who consume lunch at a staff canteen. In Phase I, a total of 170 eligible participants will be assigned to either intervention or control group on 1:1 ratio. The intervention group will be instructed to use the smartphone applet to record their lunches and reach the real-time AI-based information of dish nutrition evaluation and PN evaluation after meal consumption for 3 months. The control group will receive no nutrition information but be asked to record their lunches though the applet. Dietary pattern, body weight or blood pressure optimizing is expected after the intervention. In phase II, the applet will be free to all the diners (about 800) at the study canteen for another one year. Who use the applet at least 2 days per week will be regarded as the intervention group while the others will be the control group. Body metabolism normalization is expected after this period. Generalized linear mixed models will be used to identify the dietary, anthropometric and metabolic changes. DISCUSSION: This novel approach will provide real-time AI-based dish nutrition evaluation and PN evaluation after meal consumption in order to assist users with nutrition information to make wise food choice. This study is designed under a real-life scenario which facilitates translating the trial intervention into real-world practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100051771; date registered: 03/10/2021).

Percent body fat, but not body mass index, is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.

Background: The epidemic of overweight and obesity has become a worldwide public health problem. Cardiometabolic diseases may originate in childhood. We investigated the association between percent body fat (PBF) measured by the bioelectrical impedance assay and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in pediatrics. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 3819 subjects (6-17 years old) in Shanghai. We assessed the association between PBF and body mass index (BMI) with multiple CMR factors. We examined the risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to overweight and obesity based on age- and sex-specific PBF Z-scores and BMI Z-scores, respectively. Results: PBF, but not BMI, was positively associated with multiple CMR factors in males and females except for total cholesterol in females (all p < 0.05). Compared with the non-overweight group based on PBF, overweight and obese subjects had increasingly higher odds ratio of dyslipidemia (2.90 (1.99-4.23), 4.59 (2.88-7.32) for males and 1.82 (1.20-2.75), 2.46 (1.47-4.11) for females) and elevated blood pressure (BP) (3.26 (2.35-4.51), 4.55 (2.92-7.09) for males and 1.59 (1.07-2.34), 3.98 (2.27-6.17) for females). Obesity females showed a higher likelihood for hyperglycemia (2.19 (1.24-3.84)) than non-overweight females. In both sexes, the predictive effect of PBF on dyslipidemia and elevated BP in adolescents was better than that in children. For hyperglycemia, the predictive effect of PBF was better in male adolescents and female children. There was no risk difference for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to BMI-based obesity categories. Conclusions: PBF but not BMI was associated with CMR. Overweight and obesity categories based on PBF had an increased risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities in children and adolescents.

The Association between Dietary Iron Intake, SNP of the MTNR1B rs10830963, and Glucose Metabolism in Chinese Population.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with both dietary iron intake and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of intronic rs10830963 in melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B); however, it is unclear whether they interact. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between dietary iron intake, SNP of rs10830963, and glucose metabolism. Data were obtained from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) during 2012-2018. Standardized questionnaires were carried out through face-to-face interviews. A 3-day 24 h dietary recall was used to evaluate dietary iron intake. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were applied. Logistic regression and general line models were used to evaluate the association between dietary iron intake, SNP of the MTNR1B rs10830963, and glucose metabolism. In total, 2951 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for age, sex, region, years of education, physical activity level, intentional physical exercise, smoking status, alcohol use, and total energy, among G allele carriers, dietary iron intake was associated with a risk of elevated fasting glucose, higher fasting glucose, and higher HbA1c, while no significant results were observed among G allele non-carriers. The G allele of intronic rs10830963 in MTNR1B potentially exacerbated unfavorable glucose metabolism with the increasing dietary iron intake, and it was possibly a risk for glucose metabolism homeostasis in the Chinese population.

Occurrence of multiple bisphenol S analogues in children from Shantou, China.

Emerging bisphenol S analogues (BPSs) have gained their application perspectives to replace bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA analogues (BPAs). However, the extent of human exposure and potential health risk from BPSs is rarely known yet. We hypothesized that children living in Shantou, China, a well-known e-waste recycling city, may expose to emerging BPSs together with BPA and BPAs. In this study, BPA, six commonly used BPAs and 11 emerging BPSs were determined simultaneously in 240 urine samples collected from children residing in Shantou. BPA, BPS, bisphenol F, bisphenol AF and three BPSs of 2,4'-bis(hydroxyphenyl)sulfone, 4-((4-(allyloxy)phenyl)sulfonyl)phenol and diphenylsulfone (DPS) were the urinary predominant bisphenols with detection frequencies of 67-100% in the children. BPA was found at the highest median concentration (3.36 µg/g creatinine) followed by BPS (0.313) and DPS (0.187). It is interesting to find that the girls and children in the younger group (2 ≤ age < 5) had consistently higher concentrations of the seven dominant bisphenols than the boys and these of the older group (5 ≤ age ≤ 10), respectively. The children with under/overweight suffered higher burdens of bisphenol exposure based on medians of estimated daily intakes. Association analysis results indicated that the Shantou children exposed themselves to multiple BPSs along with BPA and BPAs from assumed consumer products and/or contaminated environments.

Percent Body Fat-Related Disparities of Serum Ferritin on the Risk of Lipid Metabolism Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between serum ferritin and dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with different degrees of obesity. METHOD: In this multi-stage, stratified, randomized, sampling cross-section cohort study, demographic data were collected by questionnaire from 4320 children and adolescents (aged 6-17 years) in Shanghai, China. Anthropometric measures and percent body fat (PBF) were recorded. Serum lipid parameters were detected by an automatic biochemical method, and ferritin levels were measured by an automatic immunoassay. RESULTS: Our results showed 70.6%, 13.9%, and 15.5% of participants had a healthy body fat, low fat, and overweight/obese, respectively. Increasing ferritin quartiles were independently associated with a greater hazard of dyslipidemia, especially in overweight/obese participants, and the OR (95% CI) was 3.01 (1.29-7.00), 3.58 (1.59-8.04), and 5.66 (2.57-12.46) across the ferritin quartiles after adjustment for confounders. Ferritin was only a predictive value for dyslipidemia in overweight/obese participants (AUC = 0.64) and was consistent in boys (AUC = 0.61) and girls (AUC = 0.68). The significant positive correlation between ferritin value and lipid abnormalities profiles (except for low HDL-C) mainly appeared in the overweight/obesity group. CONCLUSION: The results showed that serum ferritin can be considered an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with obesity. HIGHLIGHTS: Ferritin overload had a greater risk of dyslipidemia, especially in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.

The high sodium condiments and pre-packaged food should be the focus of dietary sodium control in the adult Shanghai population.

BACKGROUND: Long-term, excessively high sodium consumption can lead to increased blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the dietary sodium intake and food sources to understand the epidemiological characteristics associated with potentially influencing variables in adults from Shanghai. METHODS: Residents aged 15 years and above were randomly selected using multi-stage stratified random sampling in Shanghai. Over 3 days, family condiments were weighed for each 24-h day, and recall surveys were conducted for the same timeframe regarding sodium intake during the spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons. RESULTS: The median sodium intake for residents aged 15 years and above was 4.3 g/d in Shanghai, where 55.1% was obtained from cooking salt, 13.2% from sodium condiments, and 22.2% from pre-packaged food. There were no significant differences in total sodium intake or main sources of sodium intake between different seasons. The sodium intake of rural residents > suburban residents > urban residents (P < 0.05). The logistic regression demonstrated that compared to the rural, the people living in urban and suburban consumed less sodium. Compared to the 18-44, the people aged 45-59 and ≥ 60 consumed more sodium (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sodium intake is high in Shanghai. The absolute amount of cooking salt is low in Shanghai, and the possibility of further reduction is very little under the existing dietary habit. Limiting high sodium condiments and pre-packaged food is the new key to controlling salt intake in the future.

The SNP rs516946 Interacted in the Association of MetS with Dietary Iron among Chinese Males but Not Females.

This study aimed to explore the role of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs516946 of the Ankyrin 1 (ANK1) gene in the relationship between dietary iron and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Chinese population. A total of 2766 Chinese adults (1284 males and 1482 females) were recruited. A 3-day 24-h dietary recall and weighing of household condiments were used to assess dietary intake. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were obtained. After adjusting for age, region, years of education, intentional physical exercise, physical activity level, smoking, alcohol use and energy intake, dietary iron and the SNP rs516946 were both correlated with MetS risk and interacted among the male participants. The trend between dietary iron and MetS risk remained among T allele non-carriers of males but not among T allele carriers of males. Both the SNP rs516946 and the ferritin level correlated positively with the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. ANK1 SNP rs516946 interacted in the association of MetS with dietary iron among Chinese males while no association was found among females. Periodic blood loss might prevent females from these associations. The SNP rs516946 might correlate with liver function.

Breast-Milk Rubidium and Other Trace Elements are Associated with Neurocognitive Development in Infants at Age of 8 Months.

BACKGROUND: Trace elements may affect neurodevelopment. There is a lack of data on breast-milk rubidium (Rb) in relation to neurodevelopment in infants. The associations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr) with neurodevelopment in infants remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the associations of breast-milk Rb (primary exposure), Cu, Zn, and Sr with neurodevelopment in infants at age 8 months. METHODS: The study cohort included 117 breastfed infants. Breast-milk samples were collected at 42 days and 8 months postpartum. Breast-milk Rb, Zn, Cu, and Sr were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 8 months. The primary outcomes were attention and working memory scores, as evaluated by the A-not-B task. Other outcomes included the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) as evaluated by the Bayley Scale of Infant Development III. Generalized linear models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to assess the associations between trace elements and neurodevelopment indices. Bonferroni correction was conducted on all data presented. RESULTS: A nonlinear association was observed between breast-milk Rb at 42 days and infant's attention at age 8 months (nonlinearity P = 0.037). Positive associations were observed with infant MDI scores and breast-milk Rb at 42 days (ß = 4.46; P = 0.06) and 8 months (ß = 3.79; P = 0.009) postpartum. Breast-milk Zn at 42 days was positively associated with infant's attention (ß = 0.31; P = 0.039). Sr at 42 days was positively correlated with attention (ß = 0.18; P = 0.043) and MDI scores (ß = 2.18; P = 0.015) at 8 months. Inverted U-shape associations were observed for breast-milk Cu at 42 days with infant attention and PDI scores. All associations were not significant after correction for multiple tests. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that Rb, Zn, Cu, and Sr in breast milk at certain concentrations are associated with neurodevelopment in breastfed infants. Further studies are warranted to validate the findings.

Dietary Sodium Intake Is Positively Associated with Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Chinese Children and Adolescents.

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among children and adolescents is steadily increasing in China, while the main taste of Chinese food is salty. The present study aimed to determine the relationships between SSB and total fluid consumption and dietary sodium and salt intake among children and adolescents in China. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional investigation in 2015. A total of 3958 participants were included. A 24-h dietary record for three consecutive days was collected to determine the SSB intake and food consumption across school days and rest days. After adjusting for age, sex, yearly household income, maternal education, intentional physical exercise, and instances of eating out in the last week, the dietary sodium intake was positively associated with the SSB consumption (p < 0.05), but salt was not. After stratifying by sex, grades, and puberty status, the associations between dietary sodium intake and SSB consumption were significant in girls, in grades 1-5 and before puberty (p < 0.05). Dietary sodium intake was positively associated with SSB consumption in Chinese children and adolescents, particularly in young children. A reduction of the sodium intake might help reduce SSB consumption among children and adolescents.

Effects of School-Based Interventions on Reducing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption among Chinese Children and Adolescents.

We set up a series of school-based interventions on the basis of an ecological model targeting sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction in Chinese elementary and middle schools and evaluated the effects. A total of 1046 students from Chinese elementary and middle schools were randomly recruited in an intervention group, as were 1156 counterparts in a control group. The interventions were conducted in the intervention schools for one year. The participants were orally instructed to answer all the questionnaires by themselves at baseline and after intervention. The difference in difference statistical approach was used to identify the effects exclusively attributable to the interventions. There were differences in grade composition and no difference in sex distribution between the intervention and control groups. After adjusting for age, sex, and group differences at baseline, a significant reduction in SSB intake was found in the intervention group post intervention, with a decrease of 35.0 mL/day (p = 0.034). Additionally, the frequency of SSB consumption decreased by 0.2 times/day (p = 0.071). The students in the elementary schools with interventions significantly reduced their SSB intake by 61.6 mL/day (p = 0.002) and their frequency of SSB consumption by 0.3 times/day (p = 0.017) after the intervention. The boys in the intervention group had an intervention effect of a 50.2 mL/day reduction in their SSB intake (p = 0.036). School-based interventions were effective in reducing SSB consumption, especially among younger ones. The boys were more responsive to the interventions than the girls. (ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900020781.).

Higher poultry consumption was associated with an earlier age at menarche.

AIM: To examine the association between meat consumption and earlier age of menarche among schoolgirls in Shanghai. METHODS: The study randomly selected 1981 schoolgirls aged 6-18 years in Shanghai using a two-stage random sampling design. Information on meat intake was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Menarche age, household income, physical activity and other covariates were obtained by standardised questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between intake of meat and earlier age of menarche. Earlier age of menarche was defined as first menstruation before 12 years of age. RESULTS: Among the 986 girls who had experienced menarche, 518/986 (52.5%) had earlier age of menarche. After adjusting for body mass index, age, physical activity, sleep, household income and parental education, consumption of poultry was positively associated with risk of earlier age of menarche (P-trend = .03). Girls who never consumed poultry had a lower risk of earlier age of menarche (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.96). Neither the consumption of pork, beef, lamb, processed meat nor total meat consumption was associated with menarche age. CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of poultry was associated with an earlier age at menarche.

Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982-2012.

BACKGROUND: China's diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. METHODS: Data for the current study were obtained from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010-2012 China National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) rounds, which were nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. We applied 24-h dietary recall and food weighing to assess dietary intake. RESULTS: There were 204,877 participants aged 20 years or older included in the current analysis. From 1982 to 2012, the estimated energy intake declined from 2614.7 kcal to 2063.9 kcal. The trend in the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat showed a spike. It increased from 16.3% to 33.1% (1992 vs. 1982 difference, 7.6%; 95% CI 7.4% to 7.7%; 2002 vs. 1992 difference, 7.7%; 95% CI 7.6% to 7.9%; 2012 vs. 2002 difference, 1.6%; 95% CI 1.4% to 1.7%; p < 0.01 for trend). The trends coincided in all the subgroups (all p < 0.01 for trend) except for the subgroup of those educated over 15 years, whose percentage of energy intake from fat declined from 37.4% to 36.6% (2012 vs. 2002 difference, -0.8%; 95% CI -1.6% to 0.0%). The estimated percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates declined from 74.0% to 55.0%. The ranges of the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat, within population subgroups stratified by education level, area and Gross national product (GNP) level, were narrowed. CONCLUSIONS: Quick improvements in society and the economy effectively curbed undernutrition, but easily triggered overnutrition. Disparities persistently existed between different subpopulations, while the gaps would narrow if comprehensive efforts were made. Education might be a promising way to prevent overnutrition during prosperous progress. The low-social profile populations require specific interventions so as to avoid further disease burdens.

Relationship of household cooking salt and eating out on iodine status of pregnant women in environmental iodine-deficient coastal areas of China.

As city residents eat out more frequently, it is unknown that if iodised salt is still required in home cooking. We analysed the relationship of household salt and eating out on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in pregnant women. A household condiment weighing method was implemented to collect salt data for a week. A household salt sample was collected. A urine sample was taken at the end of the week. Totally, 4640 participants were investigated. The median UIC was 139·1 µg/l in pregnant women and 148·7, 140·0 and 122·9 µg/l in the first, second and third trimesters. Median UIC in the third trimester was lower than in the other trimesters (P < 0·001). The usage rates of iodised (an iodine content ≥ 5·0 mg/kg) and qualified-iodised (an iodine content ≥ 21·0 mg/kg) salt were 73·9 and 59·3 %. The median UIC in the qualified-iodised salt group was higher than in the non-iodised group (P = 0·037). The median UIC in the non-iodised group who did not eat out was lower than in qualified-salt groups who both did and did not eat out (P = 0·007, <0·001). The proportion of qualified-iodised salt used in home cooking is low, but foods eaten out have universal salt iodisation according to the national compulsory policy. Household iodised salt did not play a decisive role in the iodine status of pregnant women. Pregnant women in their third trimester who are not eating out and using non-iodised salt at home require extra iodine.

The associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiometabolic risks in Chinese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine associations between SSB intake and cardiometabolic risks among Chinese children and adolescences. METHODS: Data from 3958 participants aged 6-17 years old were obtained in Shanghai, China, from September to October 2015. A 3-day dietary record and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were applied to assess SSB consumption and frequency. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were conducted to measure cardiometabolic indicators. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, sedentary time, maternal education, and household income, SSB consumption was positively associated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while it was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (P < .05). The participants in the highest intake category (≥201.7 mL/day) of SSB consumption had 0.10 (95%CI, 0.02-0.18) mmol/L higher total cholesterol and 0.09 (95%CI, 0.03-0.16) mmol/L higher LDL-C levels than the nonconsumption group (0 mL/day). There was a quasi-U-shaped trend in LDL-C across the categories of >0 mL/day SSB consumption. SSB frequency was positively associated with BMI (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: SSB intake was positively associated with serum cholesterol and was weakly associated with BMI in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy intake.

The Associations of Dietary Iron, Zinc and Magnesium with Metabolic Syndrome in China's Mega Cities.

BACKGROUND: Iron, zinc and magnesium perform differently in body metabolism but exist in similar food. This study was to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and magnesium with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: A sample of a total of 5323 participants from four of China's mega cities was included in the current study. Both a 3-day 24-h dietary recall and household condiment weighing were applied to assess dietary intake, respectively. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and magnesium with MetS. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, region, years of education, physical activity level, intended physical exercises, smoking status, alcohol use, daily energy intake and mutual adjustment for dietary iron, zinc and magnesium, significant positive trends were found across quartiles of total dietary iron and the risk of MetS, as well as for magnesium and MetS (p value for trends = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively); dietary zinc was inversely associated with MetS risk (p value for trend < 0.01). Magnesium from grains and potato was positively associated with MetS (p value for trend < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary iron and magnesium were positively associated with the risk of MetS, while zinc was inversely associated with the risk of MetS, in China's mega cities. The positive association of magnesium with MetS could be a result confounding by other factors correlated with magnesium in grains and potato, which warrants further study.