ABSTRACT
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been successfully used in adoptive cell therapy for malignancies. However, some obstacles, including side effects such as graft-versus-host disease and cytokine release syndrome, therapy resistance, limited sources, as well as high cost, limited the application of CAR T cells. Recently, CAR natural killer (NK) cells have been pursued as the effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy for their attractive merits of strong intrinsic antitumor activity and relatively mild side effects. Additionally, CAR NK cells can be available from various sources and do not require strict human leukocyte antigen matching, which suggests them as promising "off-the-shelf" products for clinical application. Although the use of CAR NK cells is restrained by the limited proliferation and impaired efficiency within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, further investigation in optimizing CAR structure and combination therapies will overcome these challenges. This review will summarize the advancement of CAR NK cells, CAR NK cell manufacture, the clinical outcomes of CAR NK therapy, the challenges in the field, and prospective solutions. Besides, we will discuss the emerging application of other immune cells for CAR engineering. Collectively, this comprehensive review will provide a valuable and informative summary of current progress and evaluate challenges and future opportunities of CAR NK cells in tumor treatment.
ABSTRACT
Coal tar pitch (CTP) with high carbon content and wide source of raw materials was an excellent precursor for the preparation of porous carbons (PCs). CTP was composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with complex molecular size and chemical structure, the separation of CTP into several fractions with relatively narrow molecular weight by solvent extraction was of significance for CTP utilization. In this paper, CTP was treated by single-solvent extraction (carbon disulfide, acetone and ethyl acetate), and the six fractions were used as raw materials to prepare PCs as electrode material for electric double layer capacitor. The fractions were well characterized and the effect of mass distribution of different narrow fractions on structure property and electrochemical performance of the PCs was studied. The PCs prepared by carbon disulfide extract, acetone raffinate and ethyl acetate extract, containing more PAHs, exhibited the excellent specific capacitance performance in comparison with its residual components. The remarkable performance might contribute in the enhanced transport of electrolyte ions via the molecular graphene structure of PAHs. Additionally, the PC prepared by carbon disulfide raffinate showed outstanding cycling performance (99.7% at 2 A g-1 after 15,000 cycles) which was related to its unique layered porous structure.
ABSTRACT
A novel strategy is proposed for the increase of specific surface area (SSA) of porous carbon sphere (PCS) by oxidation and activation. 2-keto-l-gulonic acid mother liquor (GAML) as a high-pollution waste has a relatively high value of reutilization. For its high value-added utilization, GAML is used as the precursor for preparation of PCS as carbon-based electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitor. PCS is prepared by hydrothermal carbonization, carbonization and KOH activation, and Fe(NO3)3 9H2O is used as an oxidizing agent during carbonization. The as-prepared PCS has excellent porosity and high SSA of 2478â¯m2â¯g-1. Meanwhile, the pore structure of PCS can be controlled by the adjustment of carbonization parameters (carbonization temperature and the loading of Fe(NO3)3 9H2O). Besides, the SSA and specific capacitance of PCS can be increased remarkably when Fe(NO3)3 9H2O is added in carbonization. The specific capacitance of PCS can reach 303.7â¯Fâ¯g-1 at 40â¯mAâ¯g-1. PCSs as electrode material have superior electrochemical stability. After 8000 cycles, the capacitance retention is 98.3% at 2â¯Aâ¯g-1. The electric double-layer capacitance of PCS is improved when CS is carbonized with Fe(NO3)3 9H2O, and the economic and environmental benefits are achieved by the effective recycle of GAML.
