Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding.

Extant cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) includes widely distributed Cicadidae and relictual Tettigarctidae, with fossils ascribed to these two groups based on several distinct, minimally varying morphological differences that define their extant counterparts. However, directly assigning Mesozoic fossils to modern taxa may overlook the role of unique and transitional features provided by fossils in tracking their early evolutionary paths. Here, based on adult and nymphal fossils from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of Myanmar, we explore the phylogenetic relationships and morphological disparities of fossil and extant cicadoids. Our results suggest that Cicadidae and Tettigarctidae might have diverged at or by the Middle Jurassic, with morphological evolution possibly shaped by host plant changes. The discovery of tymbal structures and anatomical analysis of adult fossils indicate that mid-Cretaceous cicadas were silent as modern Tettigarctidae or could have produced faint tymbal-related sounds. The discovery of final-instar nymphal and exuviae cicadoid fossils with fossorial forelegs and piercing-sucking mouthparts indicates that they had most likely adopted a subterranean lifestyle by the mid-Cretaceous, occupying the ecological niche of underground feeding on root. Our study traces the morphological, behavioral, and ecological evolution of Cicadoidea from the Mesozoic, emphasizing their adaptive traits and interactions with their living environments.

Widespread mermithid nematode parasitism of Cretaceous insects.

Mermithid nematodes are obligate invertebrate parasites dating back to the Early Cretaceous. Their fossil record is sparse, especially before the Cenozoic, thus little is known about their early host associations. This study reports 16 new mermithids associated with their insect hosts from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, 12 of which include previously unknown hosts. These fossils indicate that mermithid parasitism of invertebrates was already widespread and played an important role in the mid-Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem. Remarkably, three hosts (bristletails, barklice, and perforissid planthoppers) were previously unknown to be parasitized by mermithids both past and present. Furthermore, our study shows that in contrast to their Cenozoic counterparts, Cretaceous nematodes including mermithids are more abundant in non-holometabolous insects. This result suggests that nematodes had not completely exploited the dominant Holometabola as their hosts until the Cenozoic. This study reveals what appears to be a vanished history of nematodes that parasitized Cretaceous insects.

The evolution of conglobation in Ceratocanthinae.

Conglobation is an adaptive behaviour occurring independently in various animal groups. Here, we study the evolution of conglobation in Ceratocanthinae, a beetle group with the ability to roll three body segments into a tight ball. It is here implied that this ability evolved only once in the Mesozoic. Evidence is offered suggesting that the high defensive strength of Ceratocanthinae is due not only to the spherical body shape but also to the thickness and stronger mechanical properties of the dorsal cuticle. We further validate five adaptive characters including the allometrically thickened body wall and find that the specific adaptation of different body segments are likely separate evolutionary events. Finally, we propose an "attackers stress" hypothesis to explain the origin of conglobation behaviours. This work contributes to understanding how and why conglobation behaviour may have evolved in this group.

A New Cretaceous Dustywing Genus (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) with Peculiar Wing Venation.

The species and morphological diversity of dustywings (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) from the Cretaceous, of which the knowledge is rapidly increasing by recent studies on the species from the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, provide valuable evidence for understanding the phylogeny and early evolution of this highly specialized lacewing lineage. Here we describe a new genus and two new species of this genus in Coniopterygidae from the mid-Cretaceous (lowermost Cenomanian) of northern Myanmar, namely Paradoxoconis szirakii gen. et sp. nov. and Paradoxoconis longipalpa gen. et sp. nov. The new genus possesses a peculiar combination of wing characters, e.g., the terminal fusion or connection between ScP and RA, the terminal connection of RA to RP, the presence of forewing A3, and the presence of a distal gradate series of crossveins. Despite uncertain subfamilial placement, this new genus morphologically resembles the extant genus Coniocompsa Enderlein, 1905 of the subfamily Aleuropteryginae and the extant genus Flintoconis Sziráki, 2007 of the subfamily Brucheiserinae. Our finding highlights the palaeodiversity of dustywings from the Cretaceous.

Parameters optimization using an artificial neural networks and release characteristics of humic acids during lignite bioconversion.

The bioconversion of coal at ambient conditions is a promising technology for coal processing. However, there are few examples of the optimization of processes for industrial-scale use. In this work, the optimization of process parameters affecting lignite bioconversion by an isolated fungus WF8 using an artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) was carried out for modeling of humic acids (HAs) yield and parameters. Kinetic models were used to understand the release characteristics of HAs from the bioconversion of lignite. The results of the present work indicate that the optimal process parameters (OPP) are 29 °C, initial pH of 7, 180 rpm, 0.6 mmol·L-1 of CuSO4, 0.4 mmol L-1 of MnSO4, and 6.4 µmol·L-1 of veratryl alcohol (VA). The predicted experimental data obtained by ANN is similar to the actual and the significant correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.99 indicates that ANN has good predictability. The actual yield of HAs are 5.17 mg·mL-1. During bioconversion, the fungus WF8 could loosen and attack the structure of lignite. The release of HAs produced by bioconversion of lignite under the OPP via diffusion and swelling is fit to zero-order model independent on concentration. This provides support for the industrial bioconversion of lignite.

The first queen-worker association for Cretaceous Formicidae: the winged caste of Haidomyrmex cerberus.

Two queen ant specimens, one alate and one dealate, from mid-Cretaceous (Late Albian-Early Cenomanian) Burmese amber are herein reported as belonging Haidomyrmex cerberus Dlussky, 1996. This is the first discovery and documentation of an alate queen in Haidomyrmex. Compared with workers of Haidomyrmex cerberus, alate and dealate queens are larger in body size, have smaller compound eyes, a longer antennal scape, more complex mandibles, and a relatively large-sized metasoma. It is hypothesized that these differences are due to caste differences.

A proteogenomic profile of early lung adenocarcinomas by protein co-expression network and genomic alteration analysis.

The tumourigenesis of early lung adenocarcinomas, including adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and lepidic predominant invasive adenocarcinoma (LPA), remains unclear. This study aimed to capture disease-related molecular networks characterising each subtype and tumorigenesis by assessing 14 lung adenocarcinomas (AIS, five; MIA, five; LPA, four). Protein-protein interaction networks significant to the three subtypes were elucidated by weighted gene co-expression network analysis and pairwise G-statistics based analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis for AIS involved extracellular matrix proteoglycans and neutrophil degranulation pathway relating to tumour growth and angiogenesis. Whereas no direct networks were found for MIA, proteins significant to MIA were involved in oncogenic transformation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and detoxification in the lung. LPA was associated with pathways of HSF1-mediated heat shock response regulation, DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and mitosis. Genomic alteration analysis suggested that LPA had both somatic mutations with loss of function and copy number gains more frequent than MIA. Oncogenic drivers were detected in both MIA and LPA, and also LPA had a higher degree of copy number loss than MIA. Our findings may help identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Variations of Mesozoic feathers: Insights from the morphogenesis of extant feather rachises.

The rachises of extant feathers, composed of dense cortex and spongy internal medulla, are flexible and light, yet stiff enough to withstand the load required for flight, among other functions. Incomplete knowledge of early feathers prevents a full understanding of how cylindrical rachises have evolved. Bizarre feathers with unusually wide and flattened rachises, known as "rachis-dominated feathers" (RDFs), have been observed in fossil nonavian and avian theropods. Newly discovered RDFs embedded in early Late Cretaceous Burmese ambers (about 99 million year ago) suggest the unusually wide and flattened rachises mainly consist of a dorsal cortex, lacking a medulla and a ventral cortex. Coupled with findings on extant feather morphogenesis, known fossil RDFs were categorized into three morphotypes based on their rachidial configurations. For each morphotype, potential developmental scenarios were depicted by referring to the rachidial development in chickens, and relative stiffness of each morphotype was estimated through functional simulations. The results suggest rachises of RDFs are developmentally equivalent to a variety of immature stages of cylindrical rachises. Similar rachidial morphotypes documented in extant penguins suggest that the RDFs are not unique to Mesozoic theropods, although they are likely to have evolved independently in extant penguins.

Decreased expression of TRPV1 in renal cell carcinoma: association with tumor Fuhrman grades and histopathological subtypes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression of the ligand-gated Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) in primary human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with clinicopathological features. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fresh and frozen primary tumor and normal peritumoral kidney tissues from 127 patients diagnosed with RCC were analyzed for TRPV1 expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that TRPV1 was decreased 3.20-fold in RCC tissue vs normal peritumoral kidney tissue (p=0.012). Significantly different TRPV1 mRNA expression was detected in RCC tissues of different Fuhrman grades and histopathological subtypes (F=4.282, p=0.015 and F=5.205, p=0.014, respectively). Decreased TRPV1 expression was correlated with RCC histopathological subtype (R=-0.554, p=0.003) and Fuhrman grade (R=-0.525, p=0.006). Western blot analysis of TRPV1 protein expression showed similar results. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong expression of TRPV1 in kidney tubules but demonstrated weak or no immunostaining in RCC tissues. CONCLUSION: TRPV1 expression was decreased in RCC, which was significantly associated with tumor Fuhrman grades and histopathological subtypes. It seems to suggest that TRPV1 expression may be a valuable tool to predict the extent of RCC progression.

Downregulation of LncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 promotes cell proliferation and invasion and predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Using microarray analysis, we previously showed that many lncRNAs are differentially expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues compared with normal tissues, suggesting that lncRNAs may be involved the initiation and progression of CRC. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of lncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 in human CRC tissues and cell lines. METHODS: LncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 expression level was analyzed in 52 colon cancer and cell lines. We used shRNA to knock-down the expression of RP11-317J10.2, and then proliferation assay, colony formation assay, Boyden chamber assay, FACS and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to explore the biological effect of RP11-317J10.2. Cyclin D1 protein level was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: LncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 is downregulated in CRC and decreased expression is significantly associated with advanced tumor stage, larger tumor size and poor prognosis. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of lncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 in CRC cells promotes G1-to-S cell cycle transition, enhances invasiveness and facilitates cell growth in vitro and in mouse tumor xenograft models. Cyclin D1 was upregulated by lncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 knockdown, and co-expression of cyclin D1-targeting siRNA abrogates the pro-tumorigenic effects of lncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a crucial role for lncRNA-RP11-317J10.2 in CRC growth and invasion via upregulation of cyclin D1 expression and suggests that expression of this lncRNA may be a potential prognostic biomarker for CRC.

CSTP1, a novel protein phosphatase, blocks cell cycle, promotes cell apoptosis, and suppresses tumor growth of bladder cancer by directly dephosphorylating Akt at Ser473 site.

Akt/protein kinase B is a pivotal component downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, whose activity regulates the balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Phosphorylation of Akt occurs at two key sites either at Thr308 site in the activation loop or at Ser473 site in the hydrophobic motif. The phosphorylated form of Akt (pAkt) is activated to promote cell survival. The mechanisms of pAkt dephosphorylation and how the signal transduction of Akt pathway is terminated are still largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel protein phosphatase CSTP1(complete s transactivated protein 1), which interacts and dephosphorylates Akt specifically at Ser473 site in vivo and in vitro, blocks cell cycle progression and promotes cell apoptosis. The effects of CSTP1 on cell survival and cell cycle were abrogated by depletion of phosphatase domain of CSTP1 or by expression of a constitutively active form of Akt (S473D), suggesting Ser473 site of Akt as a primary cellular target of CSTP1. Expression profile analysis showed that CSTP1 expression is selectively down-regulated in non-invasive bladder cancer tissues and over-expression of CSTP1 suppressed the size of tumors in nude mice. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that decreased expression of CSTP1 implicated significantly reduced recurrence-free survival in patients suffered from non-invasive bladder cancers.

Particular Candida albicans strains in the digestive tract of dyspeptic patients, identified by multilocus sequence typing.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is a human commensal that is also responsible for chronic gastritis and peptic ulcerous disease. Little is known about the genetic profiles of the C. albicans strains in the digestive tract of dyspeptic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, diversity, and genetic profiles among C. albicans isolates recovered from natural colonization of the digestive tract in the dyspeptic patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Oral swab samples (n = 111) and gastric mucosa samples (n = 102) were obtained from a group of patients who presented dyspeptic symptoms or ulcer complaints. Oral swab samples (n = 162) were also obtained from healthy volunteers. C. albicans isolates were characterized and analyzed by multilocus sequence typing. The prevalence of Candida spp. in the oral samples was not significantly different between the dyspeptic group and the healthy group (36.0%, 40/111 vs. 29.6%, 48/162; P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences between the groups in the distribution of species isolated and the genotypes of the C. albicans isolates. C. albicans was isolated from 97.8% of the Candida-positive subjects in the dyspeptic group, but from only 56.3% in the healthy group (P < 0.001). DST1593 was the dominant C. albicans genotype from the digestive tract of the dyspeptic group (60%, 27/45), but not the healthy group (14.8%, 4/27) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a possible link between particular C. albicans strain genotypes and the host microenvironment. Positivity for particular C. albicans genotypes could signify susceptibility to dyspepsia.

Autophagy inhibition enhances etoposide-induced cell death in human hepatoma G2 cells.

Induction of autophagy usually acts as a survival mechanism of cancer cells in response to chemotherapy. However, the function and molecular mechanism of autophagy in human hepatoma cells under drug treatment is still not clear. To address this issue, we established an experimental model in which HepG2 cells were treated with etoposide, a widely used anticancer agent. We demonstrate the etoposide-induced accumulation of GFP-LC3 dots by fluorescent microscopy, the up-regulation of LC3-II protein expression by Western blotting and the increased number of autophagic vacuoles by electron microscopy, confirming the activation of autophagy by etoposide in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by either 3-methyladenine (3MA) or beclin-1 small interfering RNA enhanced etoposide-induced cell death. Furthermore, activation of p53 and AMPK was detected in etoposide-treated cells and inhibition of AMPK triggered apoptosis through suppression of autophagy. On the other hand, inactivation of p53 promoted cell survival through augmentation of autophagy. Collectively, these findings indicate that etoposide-induced autophagy promotes hepatoma cell adaptation and survival, and that autophagy inhibition improves the chemotherapeutic effect of etoposide. Moreover, AMPK activation is clearly associated with etoposide-induced autophagy. We conclude that manipulation of AMPK may be a promising approach of adjuvant chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1(VDUP1) is regulated by FOXO3A and miR-17-5p at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, respectively, in senescent fibroblasts.

Vitamin D(3) up-regulated protein 1 (VDUP1) plays multifunctional roles in diverse cellular responses, particularly in its relation to proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and diseases such as cancer and stress-related diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that VDUP1 was up-regulated during the senescence process. Our results showed that overexpression of VDUP1 in young cells caused typical signs of senescence. We also found that VDUP1 knockdown delayed the onset of Ras-induced cellular senescence. Subsequently, we found that FOXO3A, whose activity increased in senescent cells, transcriptionally up-regulates VDUP1 expression and miR-17-5p, whose expression decreased in senescent cells, directly interacted with the 3'-untranslated region of VDUP1 transcripts, and destabilized VDUP1 mRNA in young cells. These results indicated that VDUP1 expression was regulated by FOXO3A at the transcriptional level and by miR-17-5p at the post-transcriptional levels during the senescence process.

Effect of tankyrase 1 on autophagy in the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells from ageing rats with erectile dysfunction and its potential mechanism.

This study compared tankyrase 1 expression and autophagy quantity between erectile dysfunction (ED) and non-ED rats' corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CSMCs). This study aslo explored the effect and possible mechanism of tankyrase 1 on autophagy and cell proliferation in ageing ED rats' CSMCs. The intracavernous pressure and mean systemic arterial pressure were measured to investigate erectile function so that eight 24-month-old ED and eight 8-month-old male Wistar rats were chosen respectively. The rat CSMCs were isolated and cultured by enzyme digestion, in which tankyrase 1 expression and autophagy quantity were compared. Tankyrase 1 overexpression was induced with plasmid transfection by Lipofectamine. The effect of tankyrase 1 overexpression on proliferation, autophagy and mTOR pathway in 24-month-old ED rats' CSMCs was measured by the cell growth curve in MTT assay, cell cycle analysis in flow cytometry (FCM), key protein expression in Western blot, autophagy quantity in transmission electron microscopy, monodansylcadaverine staining and GFP-LC3 fluorescence. The primary CSMCs were confirmed by immunofluorescence, and the purity was 99.1% in FCM. Compared with that of 8-month-old rats, tankyrase 1 expression and autophagy quantity significantly decreased in 24-month-old ED rats' primary CSMCs (P < 0.01). Tankyrase 1 overexpression significantly increased the growth rate (P < 0.05) and increased the S phase of cell cycle (P < 0.01). The autophagosome quantity was remarkably increased (P < 0.01), LC3-I/II and Beclin 1 were upregulated (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), and p-p70S6K (Thr(389)) was downregulated in 24-month-old ED rat CSMCs (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Tankyrase 1 and autophagy decrease in the CSMCs from aging rats with ED, and tankyrase 1 may have a positive effect on proliferation by enhancing autophagy and regulating the mTOR signalling pathway.