An antibacterial film using κ-carrageenan loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate nanoemulsion: Characterization and application in beef preservation.

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is a naturally active bacteriostatic substance and κ-carrageenan (KC) is a good film-forming substrate. In the present study, a nanoemulsion incorporating BITC was fabricated with a particle size of 224.1 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 69.2 %. Subsequently, the acquired BITC nanoemulsion (BITC-NE) was incorporated into the KC-based film, and the light transmittance of the prepared composite films was lower than that of the pure KC film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that BITC-NE was compatible with the KC matrix. BITC-NE incorporation enhanced the tensile strength of the KC-based films by 33.7 %, decreased the elongation at break by 33.8 %, decreased the water vapor permeability by 60.1 %, increased the maximum thermal degradation temperature by 48.8 %, and decreased the oxygen permeability by 42 % (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the composite films showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The developed KC-based composite films were applied to wrap raw beef, which significantly delayed the increase in total viable count, total volatile base nitrogen content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and prolonged the shelf-life of the raw beef by up to 10 days. These results indicated that the composite films prepared by incorporating BITC nanoemulsions into KC matrices have great antimicrobial application potential.

MOF-Derived Zn/N-Doped Porous Carbon Film on a Carbon Nanotube for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Designing high-performance binder-free electrochemical electrodes is crucially important toward supercapacitors. In this paper, a Zn/N-doped porous carbon film coating on flexible carbon nanotubes (ZIF-8@CT-800) derived from the epitaxial Zn-MOF film growth on cotton textile was successfully fabricated via a combination of the liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) method and calcination treatments. The ZIF-8@CT-800 serves directly as a self-supported electrode for supercapacitors and exhibits a high areal capacitance of 930 mF·cm-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm-2 and a good recyclability of 86% after 2000 cycles. The excellent supercapacitor property is ascribed to the unique structural design of ZIF-8@CT-800, which provides appropriate channels for enhanced electronic and ionic transport as well as increased surface area for accessing more electrolyte ions. This work will provide significant guidance for designing MOF-derived porous carbon to construct flexible binder-free electrode materials with high electrochemical performance.

MRI versus Dual-Energy CT in Local-Regional Staging of Gastric Cancer.

Background Preoperative local-regional tumor staging of gastric cancer (GC) is critical for appropriate treatment planning. The comparative accuracy of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) versus dual-energy CT (DECT) for staging of GC is not known. Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of personalized mpMRI with that of DECT for local-regional T and N staging in patients with GC receiving curative surgical intervention. Materials and Methods Patients with GC who underwent gastric mpMRI and DECT before gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy were eligible for this single-center prospective noninferiority study between November 2021 and September 2022. mpMRI comprised T2-weighted imaging, multiorientational zoomed diffusion-weighted imaging, and extradimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. Dual-phase DECT images were reconstructed at 40 keV and standard 120 kVp-like images. Using gastrectomy specimens as the reference standard, the diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI and DECT for T and N staging was compared by six radiologists in a pairwise blinded manner. Interreader agreement was assessed using the weighted κ and Kendall W statistics. The McNemar test was used for head-to-head accuracy comparisons between DECT and mpMRI. Results This study included 202 participants (mean age, 62 years ± 11 [SD]; 145 male). The interreader agreement of the six readers for T and N staging of GC was excellent for both mpMRI (κ = 0.89 and 0.85, respectively) and DECT (κ = 0.86 and 0.84, respectively). Regardless of reader experience, higher accuracy was achieved with mpMRI than with DECT for both T (61%-77% vs 50%-64%; all P < .05) and N (54%-68% vs 51%-58%; P = .497-.005) staging, specifically T1 (83% vs 65%) and T4a (78% vs 68%) tumors and N1 (41% vs 24%) and N3 (64% vs 45%) nodules (all P < .05). Conclusion Personalized mpMRI was superior in T staging and noninferior or superior in N staging compared with DECT for patients with GC. Clinical trial registration no. NCT05508126 © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Méndez and Martín-Garre in this issue.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the KNOX family and its diverse roles in response to growth and abiotic tolerance in sweet potato and its two diploid relatives.

KNOXs, a type of homeobox genes that encode atypical homeobox proteins, play an essential role in the regulation of growth and development, hormonal response, and abiotic stress in plants. However, the KNOX gene family has not been explored in sweet potato. In this study, through sequence alignment, genomic structure analysis, and phylogenetic characterization, 17, 12 and 11 KNOXs in sweet potato (I. batatas, 2n = 6x = 90) and its two diploid relatives I. trifida (2n = 2x = 30) and I. triloba (2n = 2x = 30) were identified. The protein physicochemical properties, chromosome localization, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, protein interaction network, cis-elements of promoters, tissue-specific expression and expression patterns under hormone treatment and abiotic stresses of these 40 KNOX genes were systematically studied. IbKNOX4, -5, and - 6 were highly expressed in the leaves of the high-yield varieties Longshu9 and Xushu18. IbKNOX3 and IbKNOX8 in Class I were upregulated in initial storage roots compared to fibrous roots. IbKNOXs in Class M were specifically expressed in the stem tip and hardly expressed in other tissues. Moreover, IbKNOX2 and - 6, and their homologous genes were induced by PEG/mannitol and NaCl treatments. The results showed that KNOXs were involved in regulating growth and development, hormone crosstalk and abiotic stress responses between sweet potato and its two diploid relatives. This study provides a comparison of these KNOX genes in sweet potato and its two diploid relatives and a theoretical basis for functional studies.

Low muscle density in children with osteogenesis imperfecta using opportunistic low-dose chest CT: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the muscle differences in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) using opportunistic low-dose chest CT and to compare different methods for the segmentation of muscle in children. METHODS: This single center retrospective study enrolled children with OI and controls undergoing opportunistic low-dose chest CT obtained during the COVID pandemic. From the CT images, muscle size (cross-sectional area) and density (mean Hounsfield Units [HU]) of the trunk muscles were measured at the mid-T4 and the mid-T10 level using two methods, the fixed thresholds and the Gaussian mixture model. The Bland-Altman method was also used to compute the strength of agreement between two methods. Comparison of muscle results between OI and controls were analyzed with Student t tests. RESULTS: 20 children with OI (mean age, 9.1 ± 3.3 years, 15 males) and 40 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Mean differences between two methods were good. Children with OI had lower T4 and T10 muscle density than controls measured by the fixed thresholds (41.2 HU vs. 48.0 HU, p < 0.01; 37.3 HU vs. 45.9 HU, p < 0.01). However, children with OI had lower T4 muscle size, T4 muscle density, T10 muscle size and T10 muscle density than controls measured by the Gaussian mixture model (110.9 vs. 127.2 cm2, p = 0.03; 44.6 HU vs. 51.3 HU, p < 0.01; 72.6 vs. 88.0 cm2, p = 0.01; 41.6 HU vs. 50.3 HU, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Children with OI had lower trunk muscle density indicating that OI might also impair muscle quality. Moreover, the fixed thresholds may not be suitable for segmentation of muscle in children.

Synthesis, Fluorescence, and Bioactivity of Novel Isatin Derivatives.

The isatin group is widespread in nature and is considered to be a privileged building block for drug discovery. In order to develop novel SHP1 inhibitors with fluorescent properties as tools for SHP1 biology research, this work designed and synthesized a series of isatin derivatives. The presentive compound 5a showed good inhibitory activity against SHP1PTP with IC50 of 11 ± 3 µM, displayed about 92% inhibitory rate against MV-4-11 cell proliferation at the concentration of 20 µM, exhibited suitable fluorescent properties with a long emission wavelength and a large Stokes shift, and presented blue fluorescent imaging in HeLa cells with low cytotoxicity. This study could offer chemical tool to further understand SHP1 biology and develop novel SHP1 inhibitors in therapy.

[Analysis of Regional Differences in Cadmium Ecological Risk in Surface Waters of the Yangtze River Basin].

This study primarily focused on the regional disparities in both water quality criteria and ecological risks attributed to cadmium presence within the surface waters of the Yangtze River Basin. In the initial phase, the long-term water quality criteria for cadmium were recalibrated in accordance with the guidelines outlined in China's "Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Aquatic Organisms-Cadmium," accounting for the prevalent hardness distribution within the Yangtze River Basin's surface water. Subsequently, a more refined revision was undertaken considering the specific characteristics of the species residing within the Yangtze River Basin. This undertaking led to a comprehensive interpretation of the regional variations in both the distribution of long-term water quality criteria values and the risk quotient distribution of cadmium throughout the Yangtze River Basin. The incorporation of hardness and species-specific attributes resulted in a revised range of long-term water quality criteria for cadmium across different urban locales within the Yangtze River Basin. Notably, the recalibrated values ranged from 0.08 µg·L-1 as the lowest threshold to 0.75 µg·L-1 as the upper limit, signifying a tenfold differentiation. Correspondingly, the urban average annual risk quotient associated with cadmium exposure demonstrated a variation from 0.035 to 1.12, marking a significant 32-fold discrepancy between the lowest and highest values. It is essential to highlight that regions of paramount importance, such as the confluence area connecting the upper and middle stretches of the Yangtze River Basin and the intricate Dongting Lake system, exhibited noteworthy ecological risks attributed to cadmium presence. Consequently, further in-depth investigations into these critical regions are imperative for a comprehensive understanding of the associated risks.

Deep learning-accelerated T2WI: image quality, efficiency, and staging performance against BLADE T2WI for gastric cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to investigate image quality, efficiency, and diagnostic performance of a deep learning-accelerated single-shot breath-hold (DLSB) against BLADE for T2-weighted MR imaging (T2WI) for gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: 112 patients with GCs undergoing gastric MRI were prospectively enrolled between Aug 2022 and Dec 2022. Axial DLSB-T2WI and BLADE-T2WI of stomach were scanned with same spatial resolution. Three radiologists independently evaluated the image qualities using a 5-scale Likert scales (IQS) in terms of lesion delineation, gastric wall boundary conspicuity, and overall image quality. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated in measurable lesions. T staging was conducted based on the results of both sequences for GC patients with gastrectomy. Pairwise comparisons between DLSB-T2WI and BLADE-T2WI were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, paired t-test, and chi-squared test. Kendall's W, Fleiss' Kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient values were used to determine inter-reader reliability. RESULTS: Against BLADE, DLSB reduced total acquisition time of T2WI from 495 min (mean 4:42 per patient) to 33.6 min (18 s per patient), with better overall image quality that produced 9.43-fold, 8.00-fold, and 18.31-fold IQS upgrading against BALDE, respectively, in three readers. In 69 measurable lesions, DLSB-T2WI had higher mean SNR and higher CNR than BLADE-T2WI. Among 71 patients with gastrectomy, DLSB-T2WI resulted in comparable accuracy to BLADE-T2WI in staging GCs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DLSB-T2WI demonstrated shorter acquisition time, better image quality, and comparable staging accuracy, which could be an alternative to BLADE-T2WI for gastric cancer imaging.

EQ-5D-5L Population Norms for China Derived From a National Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To develop the EQ-5D-5L (5L) population norms for China and to assess the relationship between various factors and 5L data. METHODS: This study used data derived from the Psychology and Behavior Investigation of Chinese Residents, a national sample survey of 21 909 representative participants aged 12 years and above. Participants' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured by the 5L. Their socioeconomic characteristics, behavioral factors, and health conditions were also obtained from the survey. Norm scores were generated and compared for different socioeconomic variables. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the relationships of the 3 kinds of variables with the 5L utility, visual analog scale (VAS) scores and 5L health problems. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of participants was 39.4 (18.9) years, and 50.0% of them were female. The mean (SD) utility and VAS scores were 0.940 (0.138) and 73.4 (21.6), respectively. Participants reported considerably more problems in anxiety/depression (26.2%) and pain/discomfort (22.2%) dimensions. The gender difference in HRQoL is attenuated. The participants older than 75 years suffered from a sharp decline in HRQoL; the participants in Shanghai and Tibet provinces reported lower utility and VAS scores and more health problems. Those who were younger, with better socioeconomic status and healthier lifestyles, and without diseases tended to report higher utility and VAS scores and fewer health problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study derived the 5L population norms for China based on a representative population sample.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy evidence of cognitive-motor interference in different dual tasks.

Dual tasks (DTs) combining walking with a cognitive task can cause various levels of cognitive-motor interference, depending on which brain resources are recruited in each case. However, the brain activation and functional connectivity underlying cognitive-motor interferences remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study investigated the neural correlation during different DT conditions in 40 healthy young adults (mean age: 27.53 years, 28 women). The DTs included walking during subtraction or N-Back tasks. Cognitive-motor interference was calculated, and brain activation and functional connectivity were analysed. Portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy was utilized to monitor haemodynamics in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), motor cortex and parietal cortex during each task. Walking interference (decrease in walking speed during DT) was greater than cognitive interference (decrease in cognitive performance during DT), regardless of the type of task. Brain activation in the bilateral PFC and parietal cortex was greater for walking during subtraction than for standing subtraction. Furthermore, brain activation was higher in the bilateral motor and parietal and PFCs for walking during subtraction than for walking alone, but only increased in the PFC for walking during N-Back. Coherence between the bilateral lateral PFC and between the left lateral PFC and left motor cortex was significantly greater for walking during 2-Back than for walking. The PFC, a critical brain region for organizing cognitive and motor functions, played a crucial role in integrating information coming from multiple brain networks required for completing DTs. Therefore, the PFC could be a potential target for the modulation and improvement of cognitive-motor functions during neurorehabilitation.

Orientation of graphene nanosheets in suspension under an electric field: theoretical model and molecular dynamic simulations.

Orientation regulation of nanoparticles in a suspension by an electric field is a powerful tool to tune its mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical properties etc. However, how molecular modification can affect the orientation of two-dimensional nanoparticles is still unclear. In this paper, the influence of molecular modification on the orientation of graphene nanosheets (GNS) in water was investigated through theoretical analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Firstly, a new orientation angle model was proposed, which considers hydration effects, dipole moments and resistance torque. Then, MD simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of position, direction, type, and number of functional groups on the orientation of GNS. The trend observed in MD simulations is consistent with the proposed theoretical model. The results reveal that, under the combined influence of the dipole moment and hydration effects, the modification with hydrophilic functional groups can reduce the orientation angle from 21.31° to 8.34°, while the modification with hydrophobic functional groups increases it to 26.43°. Among the hydrophilic functional groups, orientation of hydroxylated GNS is the best. With an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups, orientation angle is decreased from 12.61° to 8.34°. This work can provide valuable guidance for the design of high-performance suspensions and composites, such as thermal smart materials with adjustable thermal conductivity and intelligent devices with tailored capabilities.

Age-related changes in meningeal lymphatic function are closely associated with vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression.

Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) have crucial roles in removing metabolic waste and toxic proteins from the brain and transporting them to the periphery. Aged mice show impaired meningeal lymphatic function. Nevertheless, as the disease progresses, and significant pathological changes manifest in the brain, treating the condition becomes increasingly challenging. Therefore, investigating the alterations in the structure and function of MLVs in the early stages of aging is critical for preventing age-related central nervous system degenerative diseases. We detected the structure and function of MLVs in young, middle-aged, and aged mice. Middle-aged mice, compared with young and aged mice, showed enhanced meningeal lymphatic function along with MLV expansion and performed better in the Y maze test. Moreover, age-related changes in meningeal lymphatic function were closely associated with vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression in the brain cortex. Our data suggested that the cerebral cortex may serve as a target for VEGF-C supplementation to ameliorate meningeal lymphatic dysfunction, thus providing a new strategy for preventing age-related central nervous system diseases.

Exome-Wide Sequencing Study Identified Genetic Variants Associated With Sarcopenic Obesity.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is an age-related disease characterized by the coexistence of excessive adiposity and low muscle mass or function. Although obesity and sarcopenia are heritable conditions, the genetic determinants of SO have not been fully understood. We conducted a large-scale exome-wide association analysis of SO in a sequenced sample of 2 887 cases and 113 284 controls and an imputed sample of 4 003 cases and 161 990 controls in the UK Biobank cohort. Single-variant association analysis identified one locus 1q41 (lead SNP rs1417066, LYPLAL1-AS1, odds ratio [OR] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.11-1.19], p = 1.75 × 10-14) that was significantly associated with SO at the exome-wide significance level (p < 1 × 10-8). Colocalization analysis in the Genotype-Tissue Expression expression quantitative trait locus database showed that LYPLAL1-AS1 was colocalized with SO in multiple musculoskeletal-related tissues. Gene-based burden test of rare loss-of-function variants identified 5 genes at the gene-wise significance level (p < 4.3 × 10-6): PDE3B (OR = 2.48, p = 1.10 × 10-6), MYOZ3 (OR = 25.49, p = 1.41 × 10-7), SLC15A3 (OR = 4.75, p = 6.82 × 10-7), RNF130 (OR = 25.83, p = 4.07 × 10-6), and TNK2 (OR = 4.25, p = 8.75 × 10-8). Overall, our study uncovered the genetic effects of both common and rare variants on SO susceptibility, expanded existing knowledge of the genetic architecture of SO, and improved understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying SO.

Glycolysis related lncRNA SNHG3 / miR-139-5p / PKM2 axis promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) development and enzalutamide resistance.

Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) by the anti-androgen drug enzalutamide (Enz) may improve the survival level of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), most patients may eventually fail due to the acquired resistance. The reprogramming of glucose metabolism is one type of the paramount hallmarks of cancers. PKM2 (Pyruvate kinase isozyme typeM2) is a speed-limiting enzyme in the glycolytic mechanism, and has high expression in a variety of cancers. Emerging evidence has unveiled that microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have impact on tumor development and therapeutic efficacy by regulating PKM2 expression. Herein, we found that lncRNA SNHG3, a highly expressed lncRNA in CRPC via bioinformatics analysis, promoted the invasive ability and the Enz resistance of the PCa cells. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that glucose metabolic process was tightly correlated with lncRNA SNHG3 level, suggesting lncRNA SNHG3 may affect glucose metabolism. Indeed, glucose uptake and lactate content determinations confirmed that lncRNA SNHG3 promoted the process of glycolysis. Mechanistic dissection demonstrated that lncRNA SNHG3 facilitated the advance of CRPC by adjusting the expression of PKM2. Further explorations unraveled the role of lncRNA SNHG3 as a 'sponge' of miR-139-5p and released its binding with PKM2 mRNA, leading to PKM2 up-regulation. Together, Our studies suggest that lncRNA SNHG3 / miR-139-5p / PKM2 pathway promotes the development of CRPC via regulating glycolysis process and provides valuable insight into a novel therapeutic approach for the disordered disease.

Assessment of the Diagnostic Performance of Clinical Examinations and High-Frequency Ultrasound in Patients With Pigmented Skin Tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the integration of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) to routine clinical examinations could improve diagnostic performance and management decision for pigmented skin tumors. METHODS: Three general practitioners trained previously and a dermatologist independently assessed pigmented skin tumors and rendered management decision based on clinical examinations alone or clinical examinations integrating HFUS. RESULTS: After integrating HFUS, the diagnostic area under the curve (AUC) (0.658-0.693 versus 0.848, all P < .05) and specificity (46.6-58.6% versus 89.7%, all P < .05) for pigmented skin malignancies were improved for general practitioners, meanwhile unnecessary biopsy rate reduced (42.9-53.6% versus 10.7%, P < .001). To the dermatologist, the diagnostic AUC (0.822 versus 0.949, P < .001), sensitivity (81.7% versus 96.7%, P = .012) and specificity (0.828 versus 0.931, P = .031) improved significantly, meanwhile both missed biopsy rate (14.5% versus 4.8%, P = .031) and unnecessary biopsy rate (19.6% versus 7.1%, P = .016) decreased. Additionally, the diagnostic performance of the general practitioner with integrating HFUS could be comparable with the dermatologist based on clinical examinations alone (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: As a complementary tool of clinical examinations, HFUS could help physicians differentiate pigmented skin malignancies and manage decision.

Mechanism of enhanced microalgal biomass and lipid accumulation through symbiosis between a highly succinic acid-producing strain of Escherichia coli SUC and Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1.

Microalgae, known for rapid growth and lipid richness, hold potential in biofuels and high-value biomolecules. The symbiotic link with bacteria is crucial in large-scale open cultures. This study explores algal-bacterial interactions using a symbiotic model, evaluating acid-resistant Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), stress-resilient Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, and various Escherichia coli strains in the Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 system. It was observed that E. coli SUC significantly enhanced the growth and lipid production of Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 by increasing enzyme activity (NAD-IDH, NAD-ME, G6PDH) while maintaining sustained succinic acid release. Optimal co-culture conditions included temperature 28 °C, a 1:10 algae-to-bacteria ratio, and pH 8. Under these conditions, Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 biomass increased 3.17-fold to 27.83 g/L, and total lipid content increased 2.63-fold to 4.87 g/L. These findings have implications for more efficient microalgal lipid production and large-scale cultivation.

Introducing a Pyrazinoquinoxaline Derivative into a Metal-Organic Framework: Achieving Fluorescence-Enhanced Detection for Cs+ and Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity.

Conventional photoresponsive materials have low photon utilization due to irregular distribution of photoactive groups, which severely limits the related real applications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can modulate the regular arrangement of functional groups to improve the electron transport paths and enhance the photon utilization, which provides strong support for the development of photoactive materials with excellent performance. In this work, one effective strategy for constructing a photoactive MOF had been developed via the utilization of Cd2+ and pyrazinoquinoxaline tetracarboxylic acid. The structural advantages of the Cd-MOF, such as a porous structure, abundant subject-object interaction sites, and a stable framework, ensure the prerequisite for various applications, while the better synergistic effect of Cd3 clusters and the pyrazinoquinoxaline derivative ensures efficient electron transfer efficiency. Therefore, by virtue of these structural advantages, the Cd-MOF can achieve fluorescence quenching detection for a variety of substrates, such as Fe3+, Cr2O72-, MnO4-, nitrofuran antibiotics, and TNP explosives, while fluorescence enhancement detection can be achieved for halogen ions, Cs+, Pb2+, and NO2-. In addition, the Cd-MOF can be used as a photocatalyst to successfully achieve the photocatalytic conversion of benzylamine to N-benzylbenzimidate under mild conditions. Thus, the Cd-MOF as a whole shows the possibility of application as a diverse fluorescence detection and photocatalyst and also illustrates the feasibility of preparing high-performance photoactive materials using the pyrazinoquinoxaline derivative.

[An analysis of the wall width before and after root canal therapy in mandibular second molars with C-shaped canals].

PURPOSE: To measure the wall width in mandibular second molars with C-shaped canals before and after root canal therapy using cone-beam CT(CBCT). METHODS: A total of 55 mandibular second molars from 38 patients which met the criteria for inclusion at Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University from January 2020 to July 2021 were analyzed．From this sample, ten teeth had been treated, while another 45 of them not. CT images of the teeth were reestablished by Mimics software 20.0. Then we made a section every 1mm perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth from apex to pulp floor. The first slice from apex to pulp chamber was named the slice 1. Along the slice 1 to crown 1 mm was called slice 1, and so forth. The wall thickness at different locations of all the slices was measured. The data was entered into SPSS 20.0 software package for analysis. RESULTS: Regardless of whether the teeth were treated or not, both the mesial and distal canal walls' average width were thicker than 1mm in all slices. At the same time, the mesial and distal canal walls' width were thicker than the width of buccal and lingual canal walls in all the slices from C-shaped root canal, except slices which were near pulp chamber(P＜0.05). As for the C-shaped root canals without root canal therapy, the width of lingual wall in the slice 1 to 4, as well as apex third root, was thinner than 1 mm. The width of buccal canal wall was thicker than the width of lingual canal wall in all slices except slice 11 and 12. As for the C-shaped root canals with root canal therapy, the width of buccal canal wall in slice 1 to 5, equivalent of apex half root, and the width of lingual wall in the slice 1 to 7, amount to apex two-thirds of root, was thinner than 1 mm. The width of buccal canal wall was thicker than the width of lingual wall in all slices except slice 1 and 9. There was no significant difference between the distal canal walls' width of C-shaped canals with and without root canal therapy(P＞0.05) . There was significant difference between the buccal canal walls' width of C-shaped canals with and without root canal therapy, as same as the mesial canal walls' width and the width of lingual canal wall (P＜0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The lingual canal walls' width in apex third root of C-shaped root canal were thin before canal preparation. The buccal walls' width in apex half root and the lingual canal walls' in apex two-thirds of root of C-shaped root canal were thin after canal preparation.

An immunogenic cell death-related classification predicts prognosis and response to immunotherapy in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of regulated cell death that activates an adaptive immune response in an immunocompetent host and is particularly sensitive to antigens from tumor cells. Kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is an immunogenic tumor with extensive tumor heterogeneity. However, no reliable predictive biomarkers have been identified to reflect the immune microenvironment and therapeutic response of KIRC. Methods: Therefore, we used the CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms to define three ICD clusters based on the expression of ICD-related genes in 661 KIRC patients. Subsequently, we identified three different ICD gene clusters based on the overlap of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within the ICD clusters. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to calculate the ICD scores. Results: The results showed that patients with reduced ICD scores had a poorer prognosis and reduced transcript levels of immune checkpoint genes regulated with T cell differentiation. Furthermore, the ICD score was negatively correlated with the tumor mutation burden (TMB) value of KICD. patients with higher ICD scores showed clinical benefits and advantages of immunotherapy, indicating that the ICD score is an accurate and valid predictor to assess the effect of immunotherapy. Discussion: Overall, our study presents a comprehensive KICD immune-related ICD landscape that can provide guidance for current immunotherapy and predict patient prognosis to help physicians make judgments about the patient's disease and treatment modalities, and can guide current research on immunotherapy strategies for KICD.