Reproductive and fetal toxicity studies of histamine H3 receptor antagonist DL76 used in mice to prevent maximal electroshock-induced seizure.

Introduction: Brain histamine is considered an endogenous anticonvulsant and histamine H1 receptor. H1R antagonists have, in earlier studies, been found to induce convulsions. Moreover, research during the last two decades has provided more information concerning the anticonvulsant activities of histamine H3R (H3R) antagonists investigated in a variety of animal epilepsy models. Methods: Therefore, the in vivo anticonvulsant effect of the H3R antagonist DL76, with proven high in vitro affinity, in vitro selectivity profile, and high in vivo antagonist potency in mice against maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice, was assessed. Valproic acid (VPA) was used as a reference antiepileptic drug (AED). In addition, DL76 was tested for its reproductive and fetal toxicity in the same animal species. Results and discussion: Our observations showed that acute systemic administration (intraperitoneal; i.p.) of DL76 (7.5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 60 mg/kg, i.p.) provided significant and dose-dependent protection against MES-induced seizures in female and male mice. Moreover, the DL76-provided protective effects were comparable to those offered by the VPA and were reversed when animals were co-administered the CNS-penetrant selective H3R agonist R-(α)-methylhistamine (RAM, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, the administration of single (7.5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg, i.p.) or multiple doses (3 × 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of H3R antagonist DL76 on gestation days (GD) 8 or 13 failed to affect the maternal body weight of mice when compared with the control mice group. No significant alterations were detected in the average number of implantations and resorptions between the control and DL76-treated groups at the early stages of gestation and the organogenesis period. In addition, no significant differences in the occurrence of skeletal abnormalities, urogenital abnormalities, exencephaly, exomphalos, facial clefts, and caudal malformations were observed. The only significant abnormalities witnessed in the treated groups of mice were in the length of long bones and body length. In conclusion, the novel H3R antagonist DL76 protected test animals against MES-induced seizures and had a low incidence of reproductive and fetal malformation with decreased long bone lengths in vivo, signifying the potential therapeutic value of H3R antagonist DL76 for future preclinical as well as clinical development for use in the management of epilepsy.

Knowledge, attitude and practices of insulin therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin regarding insulin therapy. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study was conducted at the Dubai Diabetes Center from 1 December 2018 to 1 March 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted for 350 participants with type 2 diabetes at the Dubai Diabetes Center. Interviews followed the structured format of a questionnaire designed to obtain demographic details and score participants on knowledge, attitude and practices. We included patients aged >18 years and receiving insulin therapy. Patients with type 1 diabetes, pregnant women with gestational diabetes, those aged <18 years or those with a history of dementia were excluded. RESULTS: The median age of participants was 61 years (first quartile, 53 years; third quartile, 67 years); 35.7% were male individuals and 64.3% were female individuals. The median percentage scores for knowledge, attitude and practices were 62.5% (62.5%, 75%), 85.7% (71.4%, 100%) and 77.7% (66.6%, 88.8%), respectively. Highly educated participants had a high level of knowledge. Significant negative correlations were found between the percentage knowledge scores and participants' age and between the participants' percentage attitude scores and haemoglobin A1C levels; Spearman's correlations were -0.182 (p<0.001) and -0.14 (p=0.008), respectively. A significant positive Spearman's correlation of 0.123 (p=0.021) was found between the percentage knowledge and percentage practice scores. No correlations were found among knowledge levels, participants' haemoglobin A1c levels and duration of insulin use. CONCLUSION: Patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin therapy and attending the Dubai Diabetes Center had adequate knowledge, a positive attitude and correct practice regarding insulin therapy. However, knowledge of specific facts did not always translate into correct behaviours and practices.

Institutional experience on the impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1) on glycemic control and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes at the Dubai Diabetes Center, United Arab Emirates.

AIMS: To describe the effect of three classes of GLP1 analogues on HbA1c and weight over one year in a homogenous group of patients at the Dubai Diabetes Center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The specific objectives are to study the extent of change in HbA1c and weight loss on these medications as well as the sustainability of change over one year. METHODS: A retrospective audit of patients diagnosed Type 2 diabetes receiving one of the three following GLP-1 agonists (Exenatide LA 2 mg weekly, liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily, Dulaglutide 1.5 mg) over one year and documenting changes in HbA1c and weight at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months intervals. RESULTS: The study shows that while there was significant reduction in HbA1c and weight in the first 3 months, this change was not clinically significant. Also, the change was not maintained at the end of the year. By the final quarter, the effect of the medication diminishes, accompanied by a partial regain of weight. CONCLUSION: GLP1 agonists favorable initial effect on HbA1c and weight may not be sustainable beyond a certain period. The exact reason and factors contributing to this need further exploration.

Risk and predictors of severity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 in Dubai.

BACKGROUND: Globally, patients with diabetes suffer from increased disease severity and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Old age, high body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and complications of diabetes are recognized as major risk factors for infection severity and mortality. AIM: To investigate the risk and predictors of higher severity and mortality among in-hospital patients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes (T2D) during the first wave of the pandemic in Dubai (March-September 2020). METHODS: In this cross-sectional nested case-control study, a total of 1083 patients with COVID-19 were recruited. This study included 890 men and 193 women. Of these, 427 had T2D and 656 were non-diabetic. The clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data of the patients with and without T2D were compared. Independent predictors of mortality in COVID-19 non-survivors were identified in patients with and without T2D. RESULTS: T2D patients with COVID-19 were older and had higher BMI than those without T2D. They had higher rates of comorbidities such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and more life-threatening complications. All laboratory parameters of disease severity were significantly higher than in those without T2D. Therefore, these patients had a longer hospital stay and a significantly higher mortality rate. They died from COVID-19 at a rate three times higher than patients without. Most laboratory and radiographic severity indices in non-survivors were high in patients with and without T2D. In the univariate analysis of the predictors of mortality among all COVID-19 non-survivors, significant associations were identified with old age, increased white blood cell count, lym-phopenia, and elevated serum troponin levels. In multivariate analysis, only lymphopenia was identified as an independent predictor of mortality among T2D non-survivors. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 and T2D were older with higher BMI, more comorbidities, higher disease severity indices, more severe proinflammatory state with cardiac involvement, and died from COVID-19 at three times the rate of patients without T2D. The identified mortality predictors will help healthcare workers prioritize the management of patients with COVID-19.

Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dubai.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control and accompanying laboratory parameters in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. METHODS: This study is a retrospective cohort study that was done on a multicenter level. It was conducted during the lockdown in 341 individuals. HbA1c was tested to measure glycemic control immediately before and after the lockdown period that lasted for 13 weeks. RESULTS: The primary outcome was the improvement of mean HbA1C after 13 weeks of lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown HbA1C. It was found that the mean HbA1C improved from 7.5±1.5 to 7.3±1.5 with a p-value of 0.001. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus exhibited an improvement in their glycemic control after the period of lockdown.

Parental Knowledge of Appropriate Placement of Child Restraint Systems Before and After Educational Intervention in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine caregiver's knowledge of appropriate car restraint systems (CRSs) use and compare this with the actual use among children presenting to the pediatric emergency department (PED), and to determine the efficacy of PED-based intervention on improving knowledge. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, intervention study of children (<8 years old) during a 12-month period in the PED. Based on their height and weight, children were assigned to group 1 (rear facing), group 2 (forward facing), or group 3 (booster). Caregivers were surveyed in their baseline CRS knowledge. Certified child passenger safety technicians evaluated each CRS and gave caregivers one-on-one education. Participants were called back to answer a posttest to determine if the information given was retained. RESULTS: Of the 170 children enrolled, 64 (37.6%) were assigned to group 1, 68 (40%) to group 2, and 38 (22.3%) to group 3. Of these, 63% were not aware of the state law regarding CRS use. Among those without a CRS, 18% belonged to group 1, 36% to group 2, and 46% to group 3. Even among those who reportedly had CRS, 13% of children did not have one-on-on inspection. After inspection, 84% of group 1, 71% of group 2, and 70% of group 3 were in the appropriate one. Nearly 45% were not compliant with American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines of children riding in rear-facing CRS until 2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of children visiting the PED are not in appropriate CRS, and caretaker knowledge about correct CRS types and installation is poor. Future educational efforts should focus on rear-facing and booster seat age-group children.

Impact of vitamin D treatment on 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels and insulin homeostasis in obese African American adolescents in a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is affecting children in epidemic proportions in the United States with nearly 25% of children being obese. Consequences of obesity including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are leading to morbidity at younger ages. Parallel to the obesity and diabetes epidemics, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has reached very high levels and has been associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Studies exploring the impact of vitamin D repletion on insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia in children are sparse.The aim of this study was to determine the impact of treatment with vitamin D (ergocalciferol) in obese African American (AA) children on vitamin D levels and insulin secretion and sensitivity. METHODS: This pilot study was conducted in a tertiary care Pediatric Emergency Department (ED). African American obese children (n = 29; 22 female) 13-17 y, with 25-hydroxy vitamin D level [25(OH)D] <20 ng/ml, were randomized to receive either 50,000 IU vitamin D2/week or a placebo for 12 weeks. Pre- and post- oral glucose tolerance testing with glucose and insulin levels drawn at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min were performed. Pre/post intervention lipid profiles and calcium levels were also evaluated. RESULTS: There was no difference in serum 25(OH)D between groups at baseline. Follow-up 25(OH)D level was greater in the treatment vs. placebo group, and significantly increased from baseline in the treatment group only. However, there was no difference between groups in baseline vs. follow-up insulin- or lipid-related parameters. Follow-up serum 25(OH)D was positively correlated with fasting insulin and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the vitamin D treated group only. CONCLUSION: While serum 25(OH)D levels in obese AA teens increased adequately with vitamin treatment for 12 weeks and correlated with fasting insulin, it did not significantly impact insulin secretion or sensitivity. Larger studies are required over a longer period of time to confirm and explore the reasons for this finding.

Development and Validation of a Pediatric Endocrine Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire: Impact of ac Pediatric Endocrine Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire Intervention Study.

OBJECTIVE: While there is general agreement that patient education is essential for compliance, no objective tools exist to assess knowledge in children and parents of children with endocrine disorders. We aimed to design and validate a Pediatric Endocrine Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire (PEKAQ) for congenital hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, isolated growth hormone deficiency, Graves' disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We evaluated baseline knowledge of children and parents of children with these disorders and assessed impact of educational intervention. METHODS: At baseline, 77 children (12-18 years) and 162 parents of children 1-18 years participated in this prospective intervention study. Educational handouts for five targeted disorders were designed. Following one-on-one educational intervention, 55 children and 123 parents participated. Baseline and post-intervention knowledge scores were compared using McNemar's test. RESULTS: Adequate multi-rater Kappa measure of agreement was achieved for children's (0.70) and parent's (0.75) PEKAQs. Flesch Reading Ease Score for both PEKAQs (15 questions each) was 65. Post-intervention, significantly higher proportion of parents and children answered majority of questions correctly (p<0.05). Sixteen percent more parents and 22% more children knew their diagnosis correctly (p<0.05). Significant improvement was noted among all participants regarding reason for treatment, steps to take in a situation of missed dose, exercise and diet with these disorders, and long-term prognosis. Parent's knowledge score was an independent predictor of child's score. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first validated PEKAQ that can be used widely in pediatric endocrinology clinics. We noted significant improvement in knowledge of children and parents of children with endocrine disorders.

Prescription errors before and after introduction of electronic medication alert system in a pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: Prescription errors occur frequently in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs).The effect of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) with electronic medication alert system (EMAS) on these is unknown. The objective was to compare prescription errors rates before and after introduction of CPOE with EMAS in a PED. The hypothesis was that CPOE with EMAS would significantly reduce the rate and severity of prescription errors in the PED. METHODS: A prospective comparison of a sample of outpatient, medication prescriptions 5 months before and after CPOE with EMAS implementation (7,268 before and 7,292 after) was performed. Error types and rates, alert types and significance, and physician response were noted. Medication errors were deemed significant if there was a potential to cause life-threatening injury, failure of therapy, or an adverse drug effect. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the errors per 100 prescriptions (10.4 before vs. 7.3 after; absolute risk reduction = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2 to 4.0). Drug dosing error rates decreased from 8 to 5.4 per 100 (absolute risk reduction = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.8 to 3.4). Alerts were generated for 29.6% of prescriptions, with 45% involving drug dose range checking. The sensitivity of CPOE with EMAS in identifying errors in prescriptions was 45.1% (95% CI = 40.8% to 49.6%), and the specificity was 57% (95% CI = 55.6% to 58.5%). Prescribers modified 20% of the dosing alerts, resulting in the error not reaching the patient. Conversely, 11% of true dosing alerts for medication errors were overridden by the prescribers: 88 (11.3%) resulted in medication errors, and 684 (88.6%) were false-positive alerts. CONCLUSIONS: A CPOE with EMAS was associated with a decrease in overall prescription errors in our PED. Further system refinements are required to reduce the high false-positive alert rates.

What you need to know about statistics, part II: reliability of diagnostic and screening tests.

The foundation for the usefulness of any diagnostic test should be that it is both reliable and accurate in its clinical diagnosis. In this article we present the second of a two-part series on validity and reliability, discussing the assessment of reliability among raters of diagnostic tests and between diagnostics tests themselves. To examine reproducibility (reliability) among raters of diagnostic tests we present the calculation of two statistical procedures: (1) the kappa coefficient statistic when presented with categorical data for the presence or absence of a clinical diagnosis and (2) the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for continuously scaled data among raters. The accuracy among diagnostic tests (i.e. their interchangeability) can be evaluated by application of (1) a Bland-Altman plot procedure (with its 95% limits of agreement) and (2) the Passing-Bablok regression procedure (for the identification and evaluation of systematic and proportional differences). When deciding whether to select a diagnostic test one must evaluate its ability to provide more precise information than a gold standard test, and whether in clinical practice it would be more beneficial for patients to adopt it.

What you need to know about statistics Part I: validity of diagnostic and screening tests.

The intent of this manuscript is to provide guidance and support to clinicians and investigators for reporting the results of screening and diagnostic tests. This article is the first of two parts addressing statistics in imaging research. In this part validity measures are discussed. In part II reliability measures will be discussed. In discussing validity, the following concepts will be introduced: (1) functions of diagnostic tests, (2) statistical characteristics of diagnostic tests and application of validity measures, (3) power and sample size for testing the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test, (4) statistical versus clinical significance and (5) characteristics of a useful diagnostic test.

Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Extremely Premature Infants: Are high Carbon Dioxide Pressure or Fluctuations the Culprit?

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the association between measures of hypercapnia and fluctuation in Pco 2 and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and to evaluate the prevalence of hypercapnia, hypocapnia, and fluctuations in Pco 2 in the initial 72 hours of life among premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of premature infants with birth weight < 1,250 g, who were receiving some respiratory support. All blood gases obtained in the first 3 days of life were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association of hypercapnia, and fluctuations in Pco 2 with severe IVH. RESULT: Our cohort included 285 patients, of whom 84% were intubated. Only 20% patients had all blood gases in the normocapnia range; 9% had at least 1 gas with hypercapnia; 51% had at least 1 gas with hypocapnia, and 20% patients had both hypercapnia and hypocapnia at different times. Infants with severe IVH (n = 41) had significantly higher peak Pco 2 and greater fluctuations in Pco 2 within a short interval, compared with those without severe IVH (n = 227). After controlling for gestational age, gender, antenatal steroid exposure, presence of hypercapnia, and Apgar score at 5 minutes, fluctuation in Pco 2 remained significantly associated with severe IVH. CONCLUSION: Fluctuations in Pco 2 within a short period may be more significantly associated with severe IVH than the mere presence of hypercapnia.

A comprehensive study of clinical biomarkers, use of inotropic medications and fluid resuscitation in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension.

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated clinical outcomes in PPHN in relation to echocardiographic (EC) markers, score of neonatal acute physiology, perinatal extension, version II (SNAPPE II) scores, inotropic agent use, and the amount of fluid received as boluses. In this retrospective chart analysis of 98 neonates with PPHN born at >34 weeks' gestation, we compared two cohorts of newborns: those who received inhaled nitric oxide and mechanical ventilation only, and who survived to discharge (Group 1); and those who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or who died (Group 2). Of 21 EC parameters assessed, seven were significantly different between Group 1 and Group 2. Eleven (24.4%) newborns in Group 2 had decreased left ventricular (LV) function, compared with three (5.1%) in Group 1 (p = 0.011). Median SNAPPE II scores were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p < 0.001). Newborns in Group 2 also received a significantly higher amount of fluid as boluses during the first 7 days of hospitalization compared with Group 1 (p = 0.018). Following logistic regression analysis, only the difference in total SNAPPE II score retained statistical significance (p < 0.001); however, the total amount of fluid administered as boluses trended higher (p = 0.087) for newborns in Group 2. Our findings show that SNAPPE II scores may help guide counseling for parents of newborns with PPHN regarding the likelihood of death or the need for ECMO. Limiting fluid boluses may improve outcomes in newborns with high SNAPPE II scores and decreased LV function.

Safety, Awareness, and Familiarity regarding Epilepsy in Teenage Years (SAFETY): understanding the adolescents' perspective about their disease.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the understanding of adolescent patients regarding epilepsy. METHODS: The SAFETY (Safety, Awareness, and Familiarity regarding Epilepsy in Teenage Years) questionnaire (content validity index: 0.96, Flesch readability score: 66.6) was administered to 165 cognitively normal adolescents with epilepsy (85 females, mean age: 15.2 ± 1.6 years, range: 13-18 years). The first part of the questionnaire was devised to evaluate knowledge about epilepsy and antiepileptic medications (SAFETY-K: 7 questions). The second part queried lifestyle modifications and safety (SAFETY-S: 10 questions). Female participants answered 5 additional questions related to reproductive health (RH questionnaire). RESULTS: The correct response rate for the composite SAFETY questionnaire was 51.5%. The average rates of correct responses for the SAFETY-K and SAFETY-S questions were 47.9% and 53.9%, respectively. On univariate logistic regression analysis, factors which were significant predictors of correct responses included age (odds ratio: 1.8, C.I. = 1.3-2.4), race (Caucasian vs. African-American; odds ratio: 3.9, C.I. = 1.4-10.4), and employment of at least one parent in a professional occupation (odds ratio: 3.3, C.I. = 1.1-10.3). The correct response rate did not correlate with the duration of epilepsy, extent of seizure control, number of antiepileptic medications, parental educational, or (un)employment status. The mean rate of correct responses for the RH questions amongst teenage girls was 17.4%. CONCLUSIONS: There is lack of awareness about epilepsy and its associated lifestyle modifications in adolescents with epilepsy seen at our institution. This is especially true in young adolescents, African-American patients, and those whose parents are not employed in professional occupations. Teenage girls with epilepsy appear to have limited knowledge with respect to contraception and childbearing.

Frequency of otitis media based on otoendoscopic evaluation in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the frequency of otitis media in preterm neonates using otoendoscopy and tympanometry. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Wayne State University, Hutzel Women's Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty-six preterm infants were included (gestational age <36 weeks). Otoendoscopy and tympanometry were performed to detect the presence of otitis media. Kappa statistic and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Otoendoscopy was performed in 85 patients. The frequency of otoendoscopy-diagnosed otitis media was 72.9% (62/85). Tympanometry could be performed on 69.76% of the ears. There was 73.5% agreement between the findings of tympanometry and those of otoendoscopy. The association between the presence of otitis media and gestational age at birth was statistically significant. The lower the gestational age, the higher the frequency of otoendoscopy-diagnosed otitis media (P = .001). CONCLUSION: Otoendoscopically diagnosed otitis media is frequent in preterm neonates. There was agreement between the results of tympanometry and those of otoendoscopy. The frequency of otitis media increased with lower gestational age.

Seizure control following palliative resective surgery for intractable epilepsy-a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with intractable epilepsy who have bilateral epileptic foci may not qualify for curative epilepsy surgery. In some cases palliative resection may be undertaken with a goal to decrease seizure frequency and improve quality of life. Here we present data on the outcome of palliative epilepsy surgery in children. METHODS: We reviewed medical charts of children who underwent palliative resection for intractable epilepsy during the years 1999-2013 at Children's Hospital of Michigan. The palliative intent of resection was declared preoperatively. Outcome was assessed in terms of seizure reduction. RESULTS: There were 18 patients (11 males, median age of surgery was 3.5 years [range 0.5-16 years]). The median duration of follow-up after surgery was 12.5 months (range 6-60 months). Hemispherectomy was the most commonly performed palliative resection (nine patients), followed by lobectomy (six patients), multilobar resection (one patient), and tuberectomy (two patients). Reduction in seizure frequency was observed in 11 patients, with eight patients achieving seizure freedom on antiepileptic drugs and three with >50% reduction in seizure frequency. Transient improvement in seizure frequency occurred in two patients, whereas there was no benefit in five patients. CONCLUSIONS: Beneficial effects of epilepsy surgery may be realized in carefully selected situations wherein the most epileptogenic focus is resected to reduce seizure burden and improve quality of life.

Peritoneal Drainage Versus Pleural Drainage After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine whether infants undergoing cardiac surgery would more efficiently attain negative fluid balance postoperatively with passive peritoneal drainage as compared to traditional pleural drainage. METHODS: A prospective, randomized study including children undergoing repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) was completed between September 2011 and June 2013. Patients were randomized to intraoperative placement of peritoneal catheter or right pleural tube in addition to the requisite mediastinal tube. The primary outcome measure was fluid balance at 48 hours postoperatively. Variables were compared using t tests or Fisher exact tests as appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients were enrolled (14 TOF and 10 AVSD), with 12 patients in each study group. Mean fluid balance at 48 hours was not significantly different between study groups, -41 ± 53 mL/kg in patients with periteonal drainage and -9 ± 40 mL/kg in patients with pleural drainage (P = .10). At 72 hours however, postoperative fluid balance was significantly more negative with peritoneal drainage, -52.4 ± 71.6 versus +2.0 ± 50.6 (P = .04). On subset analysis, fluid balance at 48 hours in patients with AVSD was more negative with peritoneal drainage as compared to pleural, -82 ± 51 versus -1 ± 38 mL/kg, respectively (P = .02). Fluid balance at 48 hours in patients with TOF was not significantly different between study groups. CONCLUSION: Passive peritoneal drainage may more effectively facilitate negative fluid balance when compared to pleural drainage after pediatric cardiac surgery, although this benefit is not likely universal but rather dependent on the patient's underlying physiology.

Necessity of temporary epicardial pacing wires after surgery for congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Temporary epicardial pacing wires are commonly placed in patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Though often helpful, these wires are not without risk. We aimed to identify characteristics that would obviate placement of temporary epicardial pacing wires in this patient population. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed on patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after surgery for congenital heart disease between October 2011 and October 2012. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of patients in whom wires were not helpful postoperatively. RESULTS: Wires were placed in 213 of 249 patients. Wires were helpful in 50 patients; 23 for diagnostic purposes only, 17 for therapeutic purposes only, and 10 for both. On logistic regression analysis, absence of intraoperative arrhythmias (p < 0.01), lower arteriovenous O2 difference (p < 0.01), and shorter duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.050) were significant predictors of patients in whom wires were not helpful postoperatively. Further, the predicted probability based on logistic regression model using these 3 variables correctly identified 93% of patients who did not need pacing wires. Four complications (1.9%) related to wires occurred, including 1 episode of life-threatening bleeding that was found, during emergent exploration, to be due to atrial perforation at the wire insertion site. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary epicardial pacing wires are not necessary in many patients recovering from surgery for congenital heart disease. A conservative approach to their use may therefore be warranted.

Listeria and enterococcal infections in neonates 28 days of age and younger: is empiric parenteral ampicillin still indicated?

INTRODUCTION: Empiric parenteral ampicillin has traditionally been used to treat listeria and enterococcal serious bacterial infections (SBI) in neonates 28 days of age or younger. Anecdotal experience suggests that these infections are rare. Existing data suggest an increasing resistance to ampicillin. Guidelines advocating the routine use of empiric ampicillin may need to be revisited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the epidemiology and ampicillin sensitivity of listeria and enterococcal infections in neonates 28 days of age and younger who presented to 2 pediatric emergency departments (ED) in Michigan. METHODS: We conducted a 2-center, retrospective chart review (2006-2010) of neonates 28 days of age or younger who were evaluated for SBI in the ED. We abstracted and compared relevant demographic, historical and physical details, laboratory test results, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns to ampicillin from the eligible patient records. RESULTS: We identified SBI in 6% (72/1192) of neonates 28 days of age or younger who were evaluated for SBI, of which 0.08% (1/1192) neonates had enterococcal bacteremia and 0.08% (1/1192) neonates had listeria bacteremia. A total of 1.4% (15/1192) of patients had enterococcal urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinalysis is less helpful as a screening tool for enterococcal UTI when compared with Escherichia coli UTI (P < 0.001). Seventy-three percent (11/15) of urine isolates had an increase of minimal inhibitory concentrations, which indicate gradual development of resistance to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Listeria is an uncommon cause of neonatal SBI in febrile neonates who presented to the ED. Empiric use of ampicillin may need to be reconsidered if national data confirm very low listeria and enterococcal prevalence and high ampicillin resistance patterns.

Survey on Infant Hearing Loss at Caritas Baby Hospital in Bethlehem-Palestine.

This study describes the epidemiology of infants' hearing loss (IHL) among patients under 3 months of age at Caritas Baby Hospital, the only pediatric hospital in Palestine. It was aimed to demonstrate that IHL is a major health problem in Palestine and to assess the first available data of the newborn hearing screening program conducted between September 25, 2006 and December 31, 2011. Data was uploaded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS version 21). A total of 8144 infants were tested, 4812 (59%) were males and 3332 (41%) were females. As to their origin, 72% (5886) came from the Bethlehem district, 25% (2044) from the Hebron district, while 3% (214) from the other Palestinian districts (Jericho, Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin and Jerusalem). The transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and the automated auditory brainstem response were used according to the manufacturer guidelines. The results were interpreted according to the indications of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Institutes of Health, and the European Consensus Development Conference on Neonatal Hearing Screening. Out of the 8144 infants tested, 1507 (14.6%) did not pass the 1(st) test, 477 (32.8%) of these 1507 infants failed retesting, while 498 (33%) patients were lost to follow-up. Only 152 (31.9%) patients that failed retesting went to an audiologist. The audiologist evaluation revealed that 101 (66.4%) patients presented with a mild-moderate or profound hearing loss according to the Bureau International of Audiophonologie standards, 44 (28.9%) patients had otitis media, whereas 7 cases (4.7%) had no hearing disorders. The overall unadjusted percentage of hearing loss was 1.24%, and the adjusted overall percentage was 1.85%. The chart review showed that jaundice, sepsis, prematurity, lung disease were more common among the affected patients. The high prevalence of childhood deafness in Palestine is of utmost importance and deserves immediate attention on the part of the Palestinian government. Meanwhile, Caritas Baby Hospital undertook to set up a newborn hearing screening unit utilizing the TEOAE method.