Recurrent Bacteremia After Heart Transplantation Due to Abandoned Lead Fragment in an Anonymous Vein-A Case Report.

Heart transplantation (HTx) represents the "gold standard" in end-stage heart failure therapy. Due to their severe heart failure and for prevention of sudden cardiac death, the majority of patients presenting for HTx will have a history of an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Usually, within the scope of HTx, all cardiac-implanted electronic device components are removed. In rare cases these efforts fail and some material remains. The abandoned lead fragments can cause serious complications. The case presented herein involves a patient with recurrent bacteremia after successful HTx originating from an abandoned and infected lead fragment. In 2016, a 64-year-old man received a donor heart transplant due to end-stage heart failure. Unfortunately, during the procedure, not all components of an ICD implanted in 2007 could be removed. An initially event-free period was followed by recurrent fever attacks and staphylococcal bacteremia was diagnosed. After an extensive search, the source of the bacteremia was identified by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), and percutaneous extraction of the abandoned and infected ICD lead fragment was scheduled. The fragment was extracted using a minimally invasive approach via percutaneous femoral vein access. The patient was discharged 3 days later, with no further complications. This case highlights the need for conscientious and complete removal of foreign material in the HTx setting. Difficult-to-diagnose sources of infection could be reliably identified by PET-CT. When required, extraction of the foreign body should be done using a minimally invasive approach.

Endurance and performance of two different concepts for left ventricular stimulation with bipolar epicardial leads in long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Epicardial left ventricular (LV) leads represent an alternative for CRT therapy if transvenous lead implantation fails. Data on endurance, performance, the impact of the surgical approach (lateral minithoracotomy vs. median sternotomy simultaneously with other cardiac surgery), and the optimal technical concept (screw-in vs. suture-on) is limited. METHODS: Over a period of 48 months we evaluated 130 consecutive patients with comparable characteristics. A total of 54 screw-in (MyoDex™ 1084T, SJM) and 76 suture-on (Capture Epi 4968, Medtronic) bipolar epicardial steroid-eluting LV leads were implanted either via a left lateral or a median thoracotomy. Sensing, pacing threshold, impedance and NYHA class were recorded at defined time points. RESULTS: No surgery-related death or major complication was observed. At the time of implantation, the pacing threshold, sensing and NYHA class did not differ significantly between the two groups. The impedances of screw-in leads were significantly lower compared to those of suture-on leads. Suture-on leads showed a moderate initial drop in their pacing threshold but afterwards remained stable. Screw-in leads were characterized by a moderate but significant increase in the pacing threshold in the first year followed by a continuous decrease thereafter. Twenty-four months post-implantation no differences between both lead types could be detected. Sensing and NYHA class improved in both groups. The surgical approach had no significant impact on lead functionality. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the implantation of epicardial leads was safe with very low complication rates. There was no superior technical epicardial lead concept (screw-in vs. suture-on leads) and all epicardial leads demonstrated an excellent long-term performance and durability. Therefore, it seems that epicardial leads represent a good alternative to transvenous leads and surgeons should be encouraged to implant epicardial leads during concomitant cardiac surgery when the indications for CRT are present.

Intraluminal chondrosarcoma leading to occlusion of the brachiocephalic trunk.

A 62-year-old female patient was admitted with temporary neurological symptoms. CT scan revealed occlusion of the brachiocephalic trunk by an intraluminal mass suspicious for a thrombus and extending into the ascending aorta. The patient underwent aortic arch replacement with reinsertion of the supraaortic vessels. A 5 × 3 × 4 cm large mass was found in the aorta which had obviously caused occlusion of the brachiocephalic trunk. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and follow-up imaging showed no pathological findings. Histopathological examination revealed inhomogeneous chondroid tissue such as that found in a G2 grade bone chondrosarcoma.

Preexisting atrial fibrillation as predictor for late-time mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing cardiac surgery--a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Although patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are considered to be high-risk patients in cardiac surgery, the reported studies are rather small, resulting in unsatisfactory analyses of outcome determinants. Therefore, we aimed to identify possible risk factors, with a particular focus on the impact of pre-existing atrial fibrillation (AF) on the postoperative short-term and long-term mortality of ESRD patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: In a multicenter study 522 patients with ESRD undergoing CABG only (62.9 %), valve surgery only (17.2 %), or both (19.9 %) with comparable demographic and other cardiac risk factor characteristics were investigated retrospectively over a period of 10 years. The outcome was divided into perioperative (within 30 days) and late morbidity and mortality, and multivariate analysis was performed for both. RESULTS: The mean perioperative mortality was 11.5 % and the 5-year survival rate was 42 %. Emergency surgery, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the number of vein grafts and age were identified as risk factors whereas complete revascularization, the use of an internal thoracic artery and the presence of sinus rhythm were identified as beneficial factors for long-term survival. 14.1 % of all patients had pre-existing AF. Although AF was not identified as an independent risk factor for perioperative mortality ( P = 0.59), it was identified as an independent predictor for late mortality ( P < 0.001). Median survival of patients without AF was 1816 days, while for patients with AF it was only 715 days. CONCLUSIONS: AF does represent an independent predictor for long-term but not perioperative mortality in patients with ESRD. However, effective treatment of AF is controversially discussed. Anticoagulation therapy or perioperative ablation of the arrhythmia should be considered in order to improve the survival of these patients.

Reduction of gaseous microembolism during aortic valve replacement using a dynamic bubble trap.

Serious postoperative psycho-neurological dysfunction is at least partially attributed to the occurrence of gaseous microbubbles in the arterial line of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Therefore, we investigated in a prospective randomized double blind study whether the usage of dynamic bubble trap (DBT) will reduce microbubble load of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Patients (n = 41) were divided into group I (GI, n = 22) with DBT introduced into the arterial line of ECC and group II (GII, n = 19) with placebo-DBT instead. Doppler ultrasonography was used for detection of microbubbles before and after DBT, and for detection of high intensity transient signals (HITS) within the middle cerebral artery. The recording time during ECC was divided into period 1 (P1, until aortic clamp removal) and period 2 (P2, clamp removal until the end of ECC). A significant reduction of microbubble load was found in GI only (p < 0.0001 for ECC; p < 0.0001 for P1; p < 0.0025 for P2). A significant difference in number of HITS between the groups was observed in P1 only (p < 0.002 left middle cerebral artery, p < 0.005 right middle cerebral artery), since in P2 the trapped air in left chamber can go to the supraaortal vessels without passing ECC. In conclusion the use of DBT cannot substitute careful venting after aortic declamping. Nevertheless, reduction of HITS in the cross-clamped period of ECC justifies the use of DBT in patients undergoing open chamber surgery.