ABSTRACT
Fertility in cattle is a major component of many agricultural enterprises and there is pressure to devise methods to improve this. A number of approaches are ongoing, one of which is to better understand the cellular and molecular events of the development of reproductive tissues and to use these as targets for developing new strategies. Microarray technologies now allow us the potential to determine the transcriptional profile of expressed genes in a given tissue. This review focuses on the types of microarrays available for studies in cattle and concludes that genes associated with one or more of the cellular processes of cell survival/death, intracellular signalling, transcription and translation, cell division and proliferation and cellular metabolism are the main transcriptional pathways that control the development of ovarian follicles, oocytes, early embryos and the uterine endometrium about the time of the establishment of pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Cattle/physiology , Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling/veterinary , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/veterinary , Reproduction/genetics , Reproduction/physiology , Animals , Cattle/embryology , Cattle/genetics , Cell Communication/physiology , Embryonic Development/genetics , Female , Male , Pregnancy , Signal Transduction/physiologyABSTRACT
Ovarian follicles develop in groups yet individual follicles follow different growth trajectories. This growth and development are regulated by endocrine and locally produced growth factors that use a myriad of receptors and signal transduction pathways to exert their effects on theca and granulosa cells. We hypothesize that differential growth may be due to differences in hormonal responsiveness that is partially mediated by differences in expression of genes involved in signal transduction. We used the bovine dominant follicle model, microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR and RNA interference to examine this. We identified 83 genes coding for signal transduction molecules and validated a subset of them associated with different stages of the follicle wave. We suggest important roles for CAM kinase-1 and EphA4 in theca cells and BCAR1 in granulosa cells for the development of dominant follicles and for betaglycan and FIBP in granulosa cells of regressing subordinate follicles. Inhibition of genes for betaglycan and FIBP in granulosa cells in vitro suggests that they inhibit estradiol production in regressing subordinate follicles.
Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation , Granulosa Cells/metabolism , Proteoglycans/genetics , Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics , Signal Transduction/genetics , Animals , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1/genetics , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cattle , Cells, Cultured , Ephrins/genetics , Ephrins/metabolism , Estradiol/metabolism , Female , Granulosa Cells/cytology , Progesterone/metabolism , Proteoglycans/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering , Receptors, FSH/genetics , Receptors, FSH/metabolism , Receptors, LH/genetics , Receptors, LH/metabolism , Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Theca Cells/enzymologyABSTRACT
Transcription factors inhibit or assist RNA polymerases in the initiation and maintenance of transcription; however, the cell specific expression and roles of transcription factors within bovine ovarian follicles during development are unknown. The aim of present study was to determine if the expression of transcription factors in theca and granulosa cells differ between the dominant and the largest subordinate follicles at different stages of the follicle wave. We used a bovine cDNA microarray to screen granulosa and theca cells from dominant and subordinate follicles for differential expression of genes coding for transcription factors. Expression was confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and differences in mRNA abundance further examined at Emergence, Selection and Dominance stages of the follicle wave. We have identified five genes encoding for transcription factors that have not been previously described in developing follicles with greater mRNA abundance in subordinate compared to dominant follicles. The genes (and their putative roles) are CEBP-beta (responsible for luteinization), SRF (cell survival), FKHRL1 (stimulates apoptosis), NCOR1 (modulation of the actions of the oestradiol receptor) and Midnolin (control of development via regulation of mRNA transport in cells).
