A structural study of ion permeation in OmpF porin from anomalous X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations.

OmpF, a multiionic porin from Escherichia coli, is a useful protypical model system for addressing general questions about electrostatic interactions in the confinement of an aqueous molecular pore. Here, favorable anion locations in the OmpF pore were mapped by anomalous X-ray scattering of Br(­) ions from four different crystal structures and compared with Mg(2+) sites and Rb(+) sites from a previous anomalous diffraction study to provide a complete picture of cation and anion transfer paths along the OmpF channel. By comparing structures with various crystallization conditions, we find that anions bind in discrete clusters along the entire length of the OmpF pore, whereas cations find conserved binding sites with the extracellular, surface-exposed loops. Results from molecular dynamics simulations are consistent with the experimental data and help highlight the critical residues that preferentially contact either cations or anions during permeation. Analysis of these results provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that determine ion selectivity in OmpF porin.

Molecular dynamics simulations of membrane proteins under asymmetric ionic concentrations.

A computational method is developed to allow molecular dynamics simulations of biomembrane systems under realistic ionic gradients and asymmetric salt concentrations while maintaining the conventional periodic boundary conditions required to minimize finite-size effects in an all-atom explicit solvent representation. The method, which consists of introducing a nonperiodic energy step acting on the ionic species at the edge of the simulation cell, is first tested with illustrative applications to a simple membrane slab model and a phospholipid membrane bilayer. The nonperiodic energy-step method is then used to calculate the reversal potential of the bacterial porin OmpF, a large cation-specific ß-barrel channel, by simulating the I-V curve under an asymmetric 10:1 KCl concentration gradient. The calculated reversal potential of 28.6 mV is found to be in excellent agreement with the values of 26-27 mV measured from lipid bilayer experiments, thereby demonstrating that the method allows realistic simulations of nonequilibrium membrane transport with quantitative accuracy. As a final example, the pore domain of Kv1.2, a highly selective voltage-activated K(+) channel, is simulated in a lipid bilayer under conditions that recreate, for the first time, the physiological K(+) and Na(+) concentration gradients and the electrostatic potential difference of living cells.

The binding of antibiotics in OmpF porin.

The structure of OmpF porin in complex with three common antibiotics (zwitterionic ampicillin, anionic ertapenem, and di-anionic carbenicillin) was determined using X-ray crystallography. The three antibiotics are found to bind within the extracellular and periplasmic pore vestibules, away from the narrow OmpF constriction zone. Using the X-ray structures as a starting point, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with an applied membrane voltage show that ionic current through the OmpF channel is blocked with bound ampicillin, but not with bound carbenicillin. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli expressing OmpF mutants to ampicillin and carbenicillin was also experimentally characterized using microbiologic assays. These results show that general diffusion by OmpF porins allows for transfer of molecules with varied charged states and give insights into the design of more efficient antibiotics. A better understanding of this mechanism will shed light on nature's way of devising channels able to enhance the transport of molecules through membranes.

Pre-transfer editing by class II prolyl-tRNA synthetase: role of aminoacylation active site in "selective release" of noncognate amino acids.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the attachment of cognate amino acids to specific tRNA molecules. To prevent potential errors in protein synthesis caused by misactivation of noncognate amino acids, some synthetases have evolved editing mechanisms to hydrolyze misactivated amino acids (pre-transfer editing) or misacylated tRNAs (post-transfer editing). In the case of post-transfer editing, synthetases employ a separate editing domain that is distinct from the site of amino acid activation, and the mechanism is believed to involve shuttling of the flexible CCA-3' end of the tRNA from the synthetic active site to the site of hydrolysis. The mechanism of pre-transfer editing is less well understood, and in most cases, the exact site of pre-transfer editing has not been conclusively identified. Here, we probe the pre-transfer editing activity of class II prolyl-tRNA synthetases from five species representing all three kingdoms of life. To locate the site of pre-transfer editing, truncation mutants were constructed by deleting the insertion domain characteristic of bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase species, which is the site of post-transfer editing, or the N- or C-terminal extension domains of eukaryotic and archaeal enzymes. In addition, the pre-transfer editing mechanism of Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase was probed in detail. These studies show that a separate editing domain is not required for pre-transfer editing by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The aminoacylation active site plays a significant role in preserving the fidelity of translation by acting as a filter that selectively releases non-cognate adenylates into solution, while protecting the cognate adenylate from hydrolysis.