ABSTRACT
Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate, ATP, and water but there is no net change in the number of hydrogen ions: it does not produce lactic acid. The acidosis usually associated with hyperlactataemia is caused by hydrolysis of the ATP, with release of hydrogen ions. By contrast, ATP turnover by aerobic mechanisms is not acidifying because the released hydrogen ion is reutilised as more ATP is formed. Gluconeogenesis from lactate does not utilise hydrogen ions directly--in fact, it produces them. The associated net H+ utilisation is caused by the aerobic generation of the ATP and GTP required to drive glycolysis in reverse. It is suggested that only by understanding these important biochemical facts can the clinician found his diagnosis and treatment on a firm, rational basis.
Subject(s)
Acidosis/etiology , Lactates/blood , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Anaerobiosis , Carboxylic Acids/metabolism , Gluconeogenesis , Glycolysis , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lactates/metabolismSubject(s)
Specimen Handling , Blood Chemical Analysis , Drug Stability , Humans , Specimen Handling/standards , Urine/analysisSubject(s)
Acid-Base Imbalance/blood , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Chlorides/blood , Acid-Base Imbalance/diagnosis , Humans , InfantSubject(s)
Carbon Dioxide/blood , Chlorides/blood , Acidosis/blood , Diagnosis, Differential , HumansABSTRACT
Despite the fact that the use of SI units should standardize the reporting of results in chemical pathology, there is still considerable confusion in some areas about the accepted conventions. This confusion is particularly rife in reporting results of thyroxine, and, to a lesser extent, of lipid assays.
Subject(s)
International System of Units/standards , Weights and Measures , Blood Chemical Analysis/methods , Blood Chemical Analysis/standards , Chemistry, Clinical/methods , Chemistry, Clinical/standards , HumansSubject(s)
Blood Proteins , Chlormadinone Acetate/pharmacology , Contraceptives, Oral/pharmacology , Ethinyl Estradiol/pharmacology , Ethynodiol Diacetate/pharmacology , Iron/blood , Lynestrenol/pharmacology , Mestranol/pharmacology , Norethindrone/pharmacology , Pregnanes/pharmacology , Progestins/pharmacology , Protein Binding/drug effects , Adult , Female , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Male , Megestrol/pharmacology , Pregnancy , Sex FactorsSubject(s)
Contraceptives, Oral/pharmacology , Iron/blood , Female , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Menstruation , Pregnancy , Progestins/pharmacologySubject(s)
Deficiency Diseases/diagnosis , Iron/blood , Anemia , Bone Marrow Examination , Hemoglobinometry , Humans , Iron/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Serum uric acid levels were determined by specific and non-specific methods in uraemia in order to investigate the correlation between non-specific chromogen and serum urea level. The correlation was moderate and the magnitude of the non-specific chromogen was smaller than had been reported previously. The ratio [Formula: see text] urate was found to be 0.85 in both acute and chronic renal failure, a ratio very similar to that previously reported for normal and gouty subjects. In chronic renal failure the true uric acid level is correlated with urea level and there is a suggestion that serum uric acid levels in chronic renal failure are lower for a given urea value than in acute renal failure.
