ABSTRACT
Drug-elicited head-twitch behavior is a useful model for studying hallucinogen activity at 5-HT(2A) receptors in the mouse. Chemically diverse compounds active in this assay yield biphasic dose-effect curves, but there is no compelling explanation for the "descending" portion of these functions. A set of experiments was designed to test the hypothesis that the induction of head-twitch behavior is mediated by agonist actions at 5-HT(2A) receptors, whereas the inhibition of head-twitch behavior observed at higher doses results from competing agonist activity at 5-HT(2C) receptors. The effects of the phenethylamine hallucinogen R(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) on head-twitch behavior were studied over a range of doses in the mouse, generating a characteristic biphasic dose-response curve. Pretreatment with the selective 5-HT(2A) antagonist (+)-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenylethyl)]-4-piperidine-methanol (M100907) shifted only the ascending limb of the DOI dose-effect function, whereas pretreatment with the nonselective 5-HT(2A/2C) antagonist 3-{2-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (ketanserin) produced a parallel shift to the right in the DOI dose-response curve. Administration of the 5-HT(2C) agonist S-2-(chloro-5-fluoro-indol-l-yl)-1-methylethylamine (Ro 60-0175) noncompetitively inhibited DOI-elicited head-twitch behavior across the entire dose-effect function. Finally, pretreatment with the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonists 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-[(2-[2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy]pyrid-5yl)carbamoyl]indoline (SB242084) or 8-[5-(2,4-dimethoxy-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenylsulfonamido)phenyl-5-oxopentyl]-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4,5]decane-2,4-dione hydrochloride (RS 102221) did not alter DOI-elicited head-twitch behavior on the ascending limb of the dose-response curve but shifted the descending limb of the DOI dose-response function to the right. The results of these experiments provide strong evidence that DOI-elicited head-twitch behavior is a 5-HT(2A) agonist-mediated effect, with subsequent inhibition of head-twitch behavior being driven by competing 5-HT(2C) agonist activity.
Subject(s)
Amphetamines/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Hallucinogens/pharmacology , Head , Movement/drug effects , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism , Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Ethylamines/pharmacology , Fluorobenzenes/pharmacology , Indoles/pharmacology , Ketanserin/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Piperidines/pharmacology , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Sulfonamides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In September 2004, an outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) was reported among members of a religious community. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on all 175 community members; performed a nasal carriage survey, and environmental swab testing. We identified 24 MRSA cases (attack rate 14%). In multivariate analysis, sauna use [odds ratio (OR) 19.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-206.1] and antimicrobial use within 12 months before infection (OR 11.7, 95% CI 2.9-47.6) were risk factors for infection. MRSA nasal carriage rate was 0.6% (1/174). Nine of 10 clinical isolates and an isolate from an administrative office within the community had the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type USA300. Targeted hygiene improvement, wound care, and environmental cleaning were implemented. We describe the first reported outbreak of MRSA SSTI in a religious community. Adherence to appropriate personal and environmental hygiene might be critical factors in controlling transmission.
Subject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Methicillin Resistance , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Community-Acquired Infections/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Hygiene , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Nasal Mucosa/microbiology , Religion , Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/prevention & controlABSTRACT
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To identify factors that influence Hispanic males decisions to participate in prostate cancer screening. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: One hospital and three community clinics serving as sites for a community-sponsored prostate screening project in Texas. SAMPLE: 51 Hispanic males. METHOD: Face-to-face interviews. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Health, procedural, and scheduling variables affecting participation in screening. FINDINGS: The majority of participants reported that their health, the availability of Saturday and evening hours, the convenience of screening site locations, and offering exams at little or no cost were very important factors that influenced their decision to be screened for prostate cancer. Participants most frequently suggested promoting awareness among themselves as the most effective strategy for increasing prostate screening participation among Hispanics. CONCLUSION: Future research is recommended to ascertain if the study participants insights and strategies can lead to increased prostate screening participation among Hispanics. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Health professionals need to provide Hispanic males with cancer information and positive screening experiences to promote cancer awareness and screening in this population.
