Performance trends in age-group runners from 100 m to marathon-The World Championships from 1975 to 2015.

This study examined changes in performance in age-group track runners across years from 1975 to 2015 for 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, 10 000 m, and marathon and the corresponding sex differences. Athletes were ranked in 5-year age-group intervals from 35-39 to 95-99 years. For all races and all years, the eight female and male finalists for each age-group were included. Men were faster than women and this observation was more pronounced in the shorter distances. The younger age-groups were faster than the older age-groups and age exerted the largest effect on speed in 800 m and the smallest in marathon. There was a small variation of speed by calendar years. The competition density varied by sex and race distance. Half of participants were from USA, Germany, Australia, and Great Britain, but the participants' nationality varied by sex and race distance. In summary, the variation of competitiveness by sex in short race distances might be important for athletes and coaches. Considering the event's competitiveness and that athletes are participating in both 100 and 200 m or in 200 and 400 m, master women should be oriented to 200 m and master men should be oriented to 100 and 400 m.

CGP 36,742, an orally active GABAB receptor antagonist, facilitates memory in a social recognition test in rats.

CGP 36,742, an orally active GABAB receptor antagonist, improves the retention performance of rats in a social recognition test. This effect is detectable over a very wide range of doses (0.03 to 300 mg/kg, p.o.). Considering its binding (32 mumol affinity for the GABAB site) the surprisingly potent activity of CGP 36,742 makes it appear quite possible that the effect is mediated by an as yet unknown receptor subtype.

Microsatellite-based fine mapping of the Van der Woude syndrome locus to an interval of 4.1 cM between D1S245 and D1S414.

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by lip pits, clefting of the primary or secondary palate, and hypodontia. The gene has been localized, by RFLP-based linkage studies, to region 1q32-41 between D1S65-REN and D1S65-TGFB2. In this study we report the linkage analysis of 15 VWS families, using 18 microsatellite markers. Multipoint linkage analysis places the gene, with significant odds of 2,344:1, in a 4.1-cM interval flanked by D1S245 and D1S414. Two-point linkage analysis demonstrates close linkage of VWS with D1S205 (lod score [Z] = 24.41 at theta = .00) and with D1S491 (Z = 21.23 at theta = .00). The results revise the previous assignment of the VWS locus and show in an integrated map of the region 1q32-42 that the VWS gene resides more distally than previously suggested. When information about heterozygosity of the closely linked marker D1S491 in the affected members of the VWS family with a microdeletion is taken into account, the VWS critical region can be further narrowed, to the 3.6-cM interval between D1S491 and D1S414.

Degenerative temporomandibular joint disease: surgical treatment and long-term results.

PURPOSE: In this study, the long-term evaluation after surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint with manifested degenerative changes and internal derangement is described. The surgical procedure, including extensive exploration and remodeling of the joint, with interposition of lyophilized human costochondral cartilage, is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two cases (37 joints) were evaluated at a mean follow-up time of 3.1 and 8.6 years after the surgical treatment. RESULTS: A significant reduction of dysfunction and pain symptoms was achieved in most cases.

Linkage of Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) to REN and exclusion of the candidate gene TGFB2 from the disease locus in a large pedigree.

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with one or more of the following features: clefting of the primary or secondary palate, hypodontia or lower lip pits. It has been estimated to account for 2% of all cases of cleft lip and palate. VWS is one of the rare disorders in which clefting of the primary and secondary palate may be seen to segregate as components associated with the same gene. Because of its autosomal dominant inheritance, VWS is readily accessable to linkage analysis as a preliminary step in the identification of the molecular abnormality underlying the clefting effect in the primary and secondary palate. A reported linkage between REN and VWS has promoted us to use pHRnX3.6 (REN) and several markers surrounding REN for a linkage analysis in a large Swiss family. In a second step, linkage analysis was performed to study restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the candidate gene TGFB2 and other loci recently mapped to the candidate region 1q32-1q41. Evidence for linkage (theta = 0.00, lod score = 3.01) between REN and VWS could be confirmed in this pedigree. TGFB2 demonstrated recombination with the disease locus and is unlikely to be causative in VWS. The results of a multipoint linkage analysis showed that VWS was flanked by D1S65 and TGFB2 at a maximum location score of 20.3.

Early surgical intervention for orbital floor fractures: a clinical evaluation of lyophilized dura and cartilage reconstruction.

Experience in the management of 77 isolated orbital floor fractures is presented. The transconjunctival approach was used exclusively to access the orbital floor and lyophilized dura and cartilage were used to reconstruct the floor, when indicated. Follow-up for an average of 36 months showed excellent cosmetic and functional results. A 20% complication rate was noted, which compares favorably with what is reported in the literature. There were no graft extrusions or infections and only one case of graft displacement. These findings support the concept of early treatment of orbital floor fractures, even in "minimally symptomatic" patients. Lyophilized dura and cartilage proved to be safe and effective materials for orbital reconstruction.

Classification and treatment of zygomatic fractures: a review of 1,025 cases.

The treatment of zygomatic fractures varies among surgeons, and the cosmetic and functional results are frequently less than optimal. A treatment guideline based on a simple classification of zygomatic fractures is presented. The emphasis is placed on the indications for closed and open reduction, consistent methods of three-dimensional alignment and fixation, and the management of concomitant infraorbital rim and orbital floor fractures. Postoperative results with regard to infraorbital nerve and maxillary sinus dysfunction, malar asymmetry, and orbital complications in the treatment of 1,025 consecutive zygomatic fractures are presented.

Management of combined frontonaso-orbital/skull base fractures and telecanthus in 355 cases.

In regard to the multiple problems of reconstruction concerning this fracture pattern, we developed various methods to achieve optimal results. As various vital regions, apart from the nasoethmoidal fractures and aesthetics, are involved, the proposed classification has direct implication for the surgical procedure. Even in intracranial fragment dislocations, cerebral contusion, and elevated intracranial pressure, the subcranial approach, in contrast with the transfrontal access, enables early definitive management of the skull base and the external facial frame in a one-stage procedure. Another method, the symmetrical centripetal compression of the canthal ligaments and naso-orbital bone fragments, enables correct reduction of the telecanthus. The significant reduction of morbidity and complication rate to a minimum confirms the efficiency of our treatment modalities.

Treatment of 813 zygoma-lateral orbital complex fractures. New aspects.

A 10-year experience with surgical treatment of 813 zygomalateral orbital complex fractures is reviewed. Regardless of the type or severity of the fracture pattern, concomitant fractures of the orbital floor and rim were approached exclusively through the transconjunctival approach without a lateral canthotomy. The advantages of this approach compared with the subciliary access are the avoidance of a visible scar and markedly reduced incidence of postoperative lower eyelid complications such as ectropion and edema. Implants of lyophilized dura or cartilage and autogenous bone were used to reconstruct orbital floor defects. Malar asymmetry is a frequent complication of zygoma fractures resulting from inadequate three-dimensional reduction. Methods for accurate reduction and stabilization, indications for closed and open reduction, and management of the fractured infraorbital rim are emphasized. The indications for miniplates vs wire ligatures for the infraorbital rim are discussed. Long-term follow up and evaluation of the results with regard to the fracture pattern, complications, maxillary sinus dysfunction, and facial and orbital symmetry are presented.

[The correction of craniofacial deformities]. / Zur Korrektur von kraniofazialen Deformitäten.

Subject of this paper is to emphasize the advantages of our surgical procedure for the correction of craniofacial anomalies. Particularly for the fronto-orbital advancement in the hypertelorism and exophthalmus cases, this method enabled the reduction of the complication rate and the preservation of vital structures as well as a significant reduction of the morbidity rate. The advantages rendered by the bimaxillary osteotomy are discussed. The results and complications are evaluated.

[Ventriculo-peritoneal cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the treatment of hydrocephalus]. / Die ventrikulo-peritoneale Liquordrainage in der Behandlung des Hydrocephalus.

From January 1980 to December 1984 67 patients with hydrocephalus were treated with v-p shunts at the University Hospital, Berne. 61.2% had obstructive hydrocephalus and 38.3% communicating hydrocephalus. They were followed up for 2 to 6 years. Apart from clinical examination, computerized tomography was the single most important procedure for diagnostic purposes as well as for follow-up. This was not true in the case of communicating hydrocephali treated with an antisiphon device. 8 patients had serious early complications, with two fatal cases. There were not late complications. 90% of the clinical symptoms were improved or cured. V-p shunt is a technically simple and clinically effective operation, but in view of a complication rate of 12% the indication requires critical assessment.