ABSTRACT
Class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain an underexploited target for drug development. The calcitonin receptor (CTR) family is particularly challenging, as its receptors are heteromers comprising two distinct components: the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) or calcitonin receptor (CTR) together with one of three accessory proteins known as receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). CLR/RAMP1 forms a CGRP receptor, CLR/RAMP2 forms an adrenomedullin-1 (AM1) receptor, and CLR/RAMP3 forms an adrenomedullin-2 (AM2) receptor. The CTR/RAMP complexes form three distinct amylin receptors. While the selective blockade of AM2 receptors would be therapeutically valuable, inhibition of AM1 receptors would cause clinically unacceptable increased blood pressure. We report here a systematic study of structure-activity relationships that has led to the development of first-in-class AM2 receptor antagonists. These compounds exhibit therapeutically valuable properties with 1000-fold selectivity over the AM1 receptor. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of AM2 antagonists.
Subject(s)
Receptors, Adrenomedullin/antagonists & inhibitors , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Discovery , Female , Humans , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Docking Simulation , Receptors, Adrenomedullin/metabolism , Small Molecule Libraries/therapeutic use , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
The hormone adrenomedullin has both physiological and pathological roles in biology. As a potent vasodilator, adrenomedullin is critically important in the regulation of blood pressure, but it also has several roles in disease, of which its actions in cancer are becoming recognized to have clinical importance. Reduced circulating adrenomedullin causes increased blood pressure but also reduces tumor progression, so drugs blocking all effects of adrenomedullin would be unacceptable clinically. However, there are two distinct receptors for adrenomedullin, each comprising the same G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), together with a different accessory protein known as a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP). The CLR with RAMP2 forms an adrenomedullin-1 receptor, and the CLR with RAMP3 forms an adrenomedullin-2 receptor. Recent research suggests that a selective blockade of adrenomedullin-2 receptors would be therapeutically valuable. Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of potent small-molecule adrenomedullin-2 receptor antagonists with 1000-fold selectivity over the adrenomedullin-1 receptor, although retaining activity against the CGRP receptor. These molecules have clear effects on markers of pancreatic cancer progression in vitro, drug-like pharmacokinetic properties, and inhibit xenograft tumor growth and extend life in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Taken together, our data support the promise of a new class of anticancer therapeutics as well as improved understanding of the pharmacology of the adrenomedullin receptors and other GPCR/RAMP heteromers.
ABSTRACT
A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative allylic alkylation of allyl 2,2-diphenylglycinate imines using (S,S)-f-binaphane as a chiral supporting ligand has been developed. This transformation allows for decarboxylative generation and enantioselective allylation of nonenolate α-imino (2-azaallyl anions) to afford α-aryl homoallylic imines.
ABSTRACT
Functionalised cyclic enol ethers can be recovered with high levels of enantiocontrol after an asymmetric catalytic [1,3]-rearrangement reaction. These compounds can be further elaborated to a series of carbo- and heterocyclic products in good yield and with excellent levels of stereocontrol.
ABSTRACT
Carpanone has been stereoselectively synthesized in 55% yield and six steps from sesamol. The key step of the synthetic sequence is the direct introduction of the propenyl side chain via a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The subsequent Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling yields carpanone as a single diastereoisomer independently of the geometric configuration of the starting precursor. A new mechanism is proposed for this transformation.
