Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice.

Nine commercial brands of grapefruit juice were analyzed for their flavonoid content by HPLC to determine if significant brand-to-brand variance in grapefruit juice flavonoid content exists. Flavonoid glycosides narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, didymin, and poncirin have been identified in all the grapefruit juices examined. The aglycone quercetin was detected in only two brands. All the juices were free from methoxylated flavonoid aglycones. There was a significant difference in the amounts of total flavonoids and individual flavonoids in the nine brands. The concentration of total flavonoids ranged between 19.44 and 84.28 mg/100 ml juice. Naringin was found to be the major flavonoid followed by narirutin and hesperidin. Their concentrations ranged from 14.56 to 63.8; 2.25 to 12.20; and 0.24 to 3.12 mg/100 ml juice, respectively.

Antiinfectives update: focus on treatment and prevention of viral and associated infections.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinically significant antiinfectives approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1996, with an emphasis on agents used for treatment, prevention, or suppression of infection in immunocompromised individuals. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search covering November 1994 to March 1998 was conducted to identify all antiinfectives (new medications and old medications with new indications) and the pertinent literature for review. The search was updated in August 1998 and supplemented with an FDA listing of approved drugs to enhance completeness. STUDY SELECTION: Clinically relevant studies were selected to highlight specific points about each medication. Preclinical publications were used when sufficient information was not available from clinical trials and this information was needed for clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Several new and promising antiretroviral agents (stavudine, lamivudine, saquinavir soft-gel capsules, nelfinavir, efavirenz) have been approved, which may allow more options to control HIV viremia. New options for treatment, prevention, and suppression of infections in immunocompromised individuals include azithromycin, cidofovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir, and itraconazole suspension. Liposomal-based amphotericin products may be associated with less toxicity than conventional amphotericin B; however, superior efficacy has not been proven.