Alanine-aminotransferase levels predict impaired glucose tolerance in a worksite population.

Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance precede the development of type 2 diabetes. In 2006, the BASF Occupational Medicine and Health Protection Department offered a diabetes screening program for 33,000 employees. 1,594 employees had their diabetes risk tested: 285 employees were at medium to high risk for diabetes type 2, according to the Finrisk score. Hundred and fifty-seven of these individuals underwent oral glucose tolerance testing: 22 were shown to have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 5 had manifest diabetes. Thus, 18% of this worksite sample population were affected by IGT or type 2 diabetes. A total of 87% were affected by metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. At baseline, individuals with normal glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance differed significantly with respect to fasting glucose (97 +/- 8 vs. 103 +/- 10 mg/dl, P < 0.01), HbA1c (5.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.4%, P < 0.01), and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) (28 +/- 15 vs. 36 +/- 18 U/I, P < 0.05). In binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender, fasting glucose and ALT were the only independent predictors of impaired glucose tolerance (OR 4.8 [1.24-24.8] and OR 5.5 [1.2-24.8]), while age and HbA1c had only borderline significance (OR 3.9 [0.94-15.92] and OR 2.8 [0.94-8.67]). Waist circumference, BMI, triglycerides, and HDL as central components of the MS had no predictive value for impaired glucose tolerance. In summary, in this particular sample population, fasting glucose and ALT were the only significant predictors of IGT. These data point to an important role of the liver in insulin resistance and the development of impaired glucose tolerance in the relatively young and small population studied.

Medical program for shift workers--impacts on chronic disease and mortality outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: In 1983, global chemical company BASF SE implemented a supplemental health protection program to help its employees cope with the stressors associated with shift work. The program included comprehensive medical examinations and health promotion activities targeted at shift workers. METHODS: To assess the possible long-term health impacts of the program, cohorts of 14,128 male rotating shift and 17,218 male day wage employees were established via electronic job history searches. Health examination and mortality records were linked to job histories and studied over an 11-year period. RESULTS: Between 1996 and 2006, there were 414 and 463 deaths among rotating shift and day work employees, respectively. Mortality risks were marginally lower among shift working employees when taking age and job level into consideration, and remained so when cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and existing chronic disease conditions were included as explanatory factors. The incidence of obesity, diabetes, and diseases of the circulatory and digestive system, as diagnosed or reported during health examinations, was higher among shift work employees, possibly as a consequence of enhanced medical surveillance or a direct effect of shift work. CONCLUSION: Incorporation of extensive occupational medical examinations, health seminars, and other intervention programs may help mitigate the long-term health consequences of shift work.

Health and safety protection for chemical industry employees in a rotating shift system: program design and acute injury and illness experience at work.

OBJECTIVES: To describe a comprehensive health protection program for rotating shift employees and evaluate the program effectiveness in injury and illness prevention. METHODS: For 14,128 shift and 17,218 day wage employees, occupational medical records were linked to job assignment records and studied over an 11-year period. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2005, initiatives directed to shift employees contributed to their 59% and 100% greater participation in medical examinations and health seminar days, respectively, compared to day wage employees. Injury rates declined over time and with increasing employee age and were not elevated among rotating shift compared to day wage employees. Clinic visit rates for acute illnesses were generally higher for day than shift work employees. CONCLUSION: Coupling of active medical monitoring with additional health and safety initiatives appears to mitigate the expected adverse physiological and psychosocial stresses of shift work.

Considerations on occupational medical surveillance in employees handling nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVES: The use of engineered nanoparticles not only offers new technical perspectives but also raises questions regarding possible health aspects for producers and users. Nanoparticles may, just by virtue of their size, exert biological effects unrelated to the chemicals they are composed of. These considerations, and results from experimental animal studies suggesting that engineered nanomaterials may pose a health hazard to employees, all underscore the need for preventive measures. In this context, the need for, the feasibility, and the appropriateness of targeted occupational medical surveillance are currently subject to debate. METHODS: We compared established concepts for the development of occupational medical surveillance programs to existing knowledge on exposures in workplaces and on health effects of nanomaterials. RESULTS: A variety of potential effect parameters have been proposed for medical surveillance of exposed personnel, such as heart rate variability, blood-clotting parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines, etc. None of these parameters are specific, most are not validated as individual health risk indicators, and some require sophisticated equipment not routinely available. Against this background, BASF currently puts specific weight on risk assessment and exposure control in workplaces. Particle emissions are primarily avoided by manufacturing in closed systems or using effective extraction systems. Appropriate personal protective equipment has been defined for such operations where an exposure potential cannot be excluded. CONCLUSIONS: While there is presently no evidence-based foundation for "nano-specific" occupational medical screening, one can perform general medical screening with methods targeted at some of the health outcomes under discussion. The results of such examinations can provide a basis for future epidemiologic studies. Therefore, the establishment of exposure registries to enable the conduct of large-scale multi-centric prospective epidemiologic studies is recommended.

Metabolic syndrome in a large chemical company: prevalence in a screened worksite sample.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) leads to serious health problems like diabetes and has serious economic consequences for multinational companies. Thus, the workplace is an important setting for primary prevention. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MS in a mixed working population to provide a basis for interventional strategies. In 2006, 1,594 employees attended a screening program at BASF Ludwigshafen, the number of employees with MS was determined and the distribution of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) analyzed. The study-population consisted of 1,075 men and 519 women, aged 17-64. 374 individuals (23.5%) were classified to be affected by MS, of which 86.9% were male (prevalence MS in men 30%, in women 9.7%). Subjects with MS had higher BMI (P < 0.01), blood pressure (P < 0.01), heart rate (P < 0.01), liver enzymes (P < 0.01), uric acid (P < 0.01) and LDL (P < 0.01), while HDL was significantly lower (P < 0.01). (Pre)-Diabetes and CVD were found more frequently in subjects with MS. There were no significant differences between individuals with different types of employment ("white collar vs. blue collar" workers) or smoking status. We found a high prevalence of MS in our working population, thus interventional programmes should be implemented. The workplace-setting can be used to promote long-term prevention strategies in this adult working population.

Screening for pre-diabetes and diabetes in the workplace.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is an increasingly prevalent and burdensome disease in working populations. In settings with established occupational medical programmes, there may be opportunities to intervene in a positive way to reduce the burden of this disease. AIM: To integrate diabetes screening and prevention into an existing occupational medical programme. METHODS: Screening to detect potential cases of pre-diabetes and diabetes was conducted in a large working population using differing criteria to define risk groups over a 2-year period. Classification of new cases was based on fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS: Among 13,086 employees screened via fasting or random glucose, there were 96 diabetes and 650 pre-diabetes cases detected. Among high-risk employees, 20 new cases of pre-diabetes and 8 cases of diabetes were detected in 84 employees assessed by OGTT. The percentage of employees with new findings increased with increasing age (2.3%, under age 40 compared to 11.4% for age 50 years and above) and body mass index (2.6, 6.1 and 11.4% among normal weight, overweight and obese employees, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Given the likely magnitude of unrecognized diabetes and pre-diabetes cases, further interventions are being implemented targeting all employees and not just those who require routine occupational medical examinations.

Pregnancy protection program in a large chemical company: design and initial survey results.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the BASF pregnancy protection program and provide initial results regarding selected pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: Pregnancies (n=1148) occurring between 1997 and 2002 were identified and outcomes were documented by questionnaires administered after the pregnancy announcement, end of pregnancy, and one year later. Potential maternal exposures were assessed via job histories, workplace inspections, and questionnaire. RESULTS: Participation was 90% overall and was consistently high across employee subgroups. Pregnancy losses (11.5%) did not differ significantly by type of work. Among pregnancy symptoms vaginal bleeding was weakly associated with two exposure measures. Preterm births (8.7%) were in agreement with general population norms and did not vary by maternal exposure category. CONCLUSIONS: High participation rates and a structured approach to employee education and documentation of reproductive outcomes may be of value in addressing reproductive health issues in the workplace.

Pregnancy protection program in a large chemical company: infant outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive outcomes in infants relative to maternal exposures in the chemical industry. METHODS: Via questionnaires administered after the pregnancy announcement, end of pregnancy, and 1 year later, infant outcomes were documented for 1147 live births. Maternal exposure factors were evaluated relative to birth height and weight, sex ratio, Apgar score at 5 minutes, and major malformations. RESULTS: Birth height and weight, sex ratio, and Apgar score did not differ by maternal work area or chemical hazard categories. Major malformations (3.1%) and organ-specific anomalies were consistent with the experience of a regional birth defects registry. Rates of malformation were marginally higher in infants born to women assigned to chemical versus office jobs. CONCLUSIONS: Infant outcomes to date have been consistent with comparable findings from population-based studies. Longer-term observation will be needed to assess trends for low-frequency outcomes and more specific maternal exposures.

Epidemiological and clinical investigations among employees in a former herbicide production process.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cancer incidence among employees assigned to a benzothiadiazin herbicide production facility between 1974 and 1984. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including 185 employees who had worked at least 3 months in the facility. Cancers were identified by review of occupational medical records and interview. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were computed using comparison data provided by the Saarland Cancer Registry. Separately, a medical examination including sonography of the prostate and thyroid and PSA testing was offered to all cohort members including retirees. RESULTS: Between 1975 and 2002, 12 cancers were observed compared with 10.3 expected cases (SIR 1.2; 95% confidence interval 0.6-2.0). Cancer types (including two prostate, two colon and one rectal cancer) were distributed unremarkably with no clustering of rare cancers. Medical screening and subsequent specialist referrals led to detection of three prostate cancers among 117 participants in the screening examination. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the limited study power, a link between former employment in this herbicide production process and the occurrence of cancer cannot be ruled out with confidence, although the observed incidence and distribution of cancers in this small cohort may be consistent with that expected in the general population. Detection of three prostate cancers via the examination program is also consistent with the experience of cancer screening programs that include PSA testing. Enhanced screening for prostate cancer among men over age 50 can lead to detection of cancers at earlier ages than would otherwise be the case. This likelihood needs to be planned for and addressed in communications with the study population prior to undertaking such initiatives.

Illness experience before and after an initiative to identify, treat, and prevent Helicobacter pylori-related diseases in the workplace.

Objective outcome measures are needed to confirm the merits of large-scale health initiatives in the workplace. We used aggregate medical claims data to evaluate the illness experience of 5160 employees during the 2 years after versus the 2 years before an intervention intended to identify, treat, and prevent Helicobacter pylori-related illnesses. Across all participants, a 2.1-fold reduction (95% confidence interval 1.4-3.1) in ulcer-related illness episodes and a marginal 1.1-fold reduction (95% confidence interval 0.9-1.4) in episodes due to other stomach and duodenal diseases were achieved. Improvement in claims experience was most notable among 250 employees with ulcer findings on the screening examination. This H. pylori health initiative appears to have contributed to a cost-effective reduction in subsequent illness episodes due to ulcer and possibly due to other stomach and duodenal disease.

Environmental medicine in the chemical industry -- the BASF example.

OBJECTIVES: To introduce the term 'environmental medicine', to discuss its scope and implications, and to assess its importance in the daily work of an occupational physician in the chemical industry. METHODS: Based on the experience in the BASF Occupational Medicine and Health Protection Department examples of environmental medical activities of the occupational physician in different situations are given. RESULTS: Environmental medical questions are frequently addressed. It begins with the counselling of employees with health problems caused by or attributed to environmental factors and goes as far as assessing the public health impact of spills and toxic-substance release. CONCLUSION: Environmental medicine is clearly within the scope of an occupational physician in the chemical industry. It is part of our commitment to the maintenance of health and safety of our employees, customers, and neighbours, and thus is part of our contribution to product stewardship complying with the principles of responsible care.

[Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori infection in employees of a large industry. Results of a prospective BASF Helicobacter pylori prevention campaign]. / Dyspepsie und Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion bei Beschäftigten eines grossen Industrieunternehmens. Ergebnisse der prospektiven BASF-Helicobacter-pylori-Vorsorgeaktion.

BACKGROUND: The role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in dyspepsia is controversial. In the course of a health initiative within a large industrial corporation, we investigated the prevalence of both dyspepsia and positive H. pylori serology and the outcome of eradication therapy in symptomatic H. pylori positive employees. TEST PERSONS AND METHODS: H. pylori serology (IgG ELISA) was determined in 6,143 employees of BASF AG Ludwigshafen/Germany who were also asked to complete a standardized health history administered by a physician. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and dyspepsia subgroups were defined based on past medical history and symptom profiles using the criteria of Heading. Upper GI endoscopy, abdominal ultrasound and eradication therapy (Italian Triple Therapy) was recommended for symptomatic H. pylori positive individuals. The prognostic value of antibodies against CagA and VacA was evaluated in 37 and 39 employees with PUD and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) confirmed by endoscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Of 6,143 employees, 1,255 (20.4%) were classified as dyspeptic, 492 (39.2%) of whom were H. pylori positive. The seroprevalence of H. pylori in asymptomatic employees was 35.8%. There were no significant differences in H. pylori seroprevalence among dyspepsia subgroups (reflux only, dysmotility only, reflux/dysmotility, ulcer-like and non-specific). However, individuals reporting severe dyspeptic symptoms were significantly more likely to be H. pylori positive (OR 2.09, CI 1.43-3.05). The seroprevalence of CagA and VacA was not significantly different among employees with NUD compared to referents or among employees with NUD compared to those with PUD. 330 (72%) of 458 employees with dyspepsia received eradication therapy, 128 persons refused therapy. Based on a 12-month follow-up of 402 individuals (300 of whom had received therapy), eradication success was 81.5% as judged by serology. Of the successfully treated employees, 33.2% reported a total absence and 42.8% reported a decrease in symptoms. Among the employees who refused therapy, the corresponding percentages were 37.3% and 16.7%, respectively. An increase in reflux complaints was not observed among treated employees. CONCLUSION: In a large active employee population, at most a very weak association was observed between the prevalence of H. pylori seropositivity and dyspepsia. Frequent and severe dyspeptic symptoms were associated with an increased rate of H. pylori seropositivity. The analysis of the virulence factors is not particularly helpful in discriminating PUD or NUD. Eradication of H. pylori infection leads to a decrease in dyspeptic symptoms after 12 months, but not more often to their complete absence compared to untreated individuals.

Câncer ocupacional / Occupation cancer

Podem ser distinguidos três grupos de agentes cancerígenos: os fatores físicos, as substâncias químicas e as viroses. No presente estudo, dada a importância que vem adquirindo, discorre apenas sobre a carcinogênese química, abordando a etiologia, a epidemiologia, além da prevençäo e da indenizaçäo para esse tipo de doença ocupacional