Suprazygomatic Maxillary Nerve Blocks and Opioid Requirements in Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Pain management following pediatric adenotonsillectomies is opioid-inclusive, leading to potential complications. Objective: To investigate the use of suprazygomatic maxillary nerve (SZMN) blocks to reduce pain and opioid use after pediatric intracapsular adenotonsillectomy and to measure recovery duration and incidence of complications. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a randomized, blinded, prospective single-center tertiary pediatric hospital that included 60 pediatric patients (2-14 years old) scheduled for intracapsular adenotonsillectomy from November 2021 to March 2023. Patients were excluded for having combined surgical procedures, developmental delay, coagulopathy, chronic pain history, known or predicted difficult airway, or unrepaired congenital heart disease. Participants were randomized to receive bilateral SZMN blocks (block group) or not (control group). Intervention: SZMN block administered bilaterally under general anesthesia for intracapsular adenotonsillectomy. Primary Outcomes and Measures: Opioid consumption, FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scores, and rates of opioid-free postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay. Secondary outcomes were recovery duration and incidence of adverse effects, ie, nausea, vomiting, block site bleeding, and emergency delirium. Results: The study population included 53 pediatric patients (mean [SD] age, 6.5 [3.6] years; 29 [55%] females; 24 [45%] males); 26 were randomly assigned to the SZMN block group and 27 to the control group. The mean (SD) opioid morphine equivalent consumption during PACU stay was 0.15 (0.14) mg/kg for the 27 patients in the control group compared with 0.07 (0.11) mg/kg for the 26 patients in the block group (mean difference, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01-0.15; Cohen d, 0.64). The block group had a higher incidence of opioid-free PACU stays (n = 7 patients; 58%) compared with the control group (n = 15 patients; 26%) (mean difference, 32%; 95% CI, 5%-53%). Patients in the block group experienced lower FLACC scores (0.7 vs 1.6; mean difference, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.2-1.6; Cohen d, 0.7). The overall occurrence of adverse events was similar in the 2 groups, with no reported nerve block-related complications. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of the randomized clinical trial indicate that SZMN blocks are a useful adjunct tool for managing postoperative pain in pediatric intracapsular adenotonsillectomy. Use of these blocks during adenotonsillectomy provided clinically meaningful reductions of postoperative opioid consumption with a low risk of complications. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04797559.

Manejo del absceso de la glándula tiroides / Management of thyroid gland abscess

Introducción: La enfermedad supurativa de la glándula tiroides-absceso de tiroides o tiroiditis supurativa aguda- supone una infrecuente situación clínica. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en los casos asistidos durante 41 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo anotando características epidemiológicas, conducta diagnóstico-terapéutica y resultado clínico, detectando 14 casos -9 varones y 5 mujeres, entre 19 y 68 años, con una media de edad de 40,6 ± 15,4 años- con 22 episodios. En 2 pacientes la condición se había reproducido hasta en 4 ocasiones. Resultados: Supusieron el 0,29% de todos los abscesos cervicales atendidos. La punción-aspiración fue efectuada en 13 de ellos para su tratamiento e identificación del agente causal. Los agentes más habitualmente implicados fueron Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Staphylococcus aureus. Se realizó un estudio de imagen mediante ecografía en 9 casos y de tomografía computarizada en 7. En 10 pacientes el tratamiento definitivo fue quirúrgico, efectuándose drenaje del absceso en 7 de ellos, tiroidectomía total en 4 y hemitiroidectomía en 2. Otros tratamientos admitidos fueron la antibioterapia sistémica o mediante irrigación intralesional y la esclerosis. Aunque en un caso la fase aguda comenzó con hipertiroidismo y tirotoxicosis, a los 6 meses del alta existió hipotiroidismo definitivo en 5 casos. Las opciones terapéuticas adoptadas consiguieron la curación en el 100% de los casos. Conclusión: La supuración de la glándula tiroidea es una circunstancia extremadamente rara en el contexto de la enfermedad cervical, variando las opciones terapéuticas desde alternativas conservadoras al drenaje con tiroidectomía según los hallazgos microbiológicos y radiológicos

Background: Thyroid abscess or acute suppurative thyroiditis is an unusual clinical condition. We present our experience with cases attended over 41 years. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed on these patients reviewing their epidemiological characteristics and the diagnostic and therapeutic manoeuvres chosen for them all, as well as their clinical outcome. A group of 9 males and 5 females was studied, with ages ranging from 19 to 68 (mean of 40.6±15.4). These patients suffered 22 acute episodes, and 2 patients each had 4 episodes. Results: Suppurative thyroiditis comprised 0.29% of the neck abscesses. Fine needle aspiration was performed in 13 cases to evacuate the collection and isolate the aetiological agent. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently identified. Nine patients underwent ultrasound and 7 computed tomography imaging studies. Surgery was the option for 10 patients, including drainage for 7, thyroidectomy for 4 and hemithyroidectomy for the remaining 2. Systemic or intralesional antibiotics and sclerosis of the gland were also carried out. Although one case presented with hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis in the acute phase, definitive hypothyroidism was observed in 5 patients at 6 months following discharge. The rate of success was 100%. Conclusion: Thyroid gland suppuration is a very infrequent circumstance in neck pathology, and the options for its treatment are varied, from conservative to invasive techniques according to the microbial and radiologic findings

Management of thyroid gland abscess. / Manejo del absceso de la glándula tiroides.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid abscess or acute suppurative thyroiditis is an unusual clinical condition. We present our experience with cases attended over 41 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on these patients reviewing their epidemiological characteristics and the diagnostic and therapeutic manoeuvres chosen for them all, as well as their clinical outcome. A group of 9 males and 5 females was studied, with ages ranging from 19 to 68 (mean of 40.6±15.4). These patients suffered 22 acute episodes, and 2 patients each had 4 episodes. RESULTS: Suppurative thyroiditis comprised 0.29% of the neck abscesses. Fine needle aspiration was performed in 13 cases to evacuate the collection and isolate the aetiological agent. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently identified. Nine patients underwent ultrasound and 7 computed tomography imaging studies. Surgery was the option for 10 patients, including drainage for 7, thyroidectomy for 4 and hemithyroidectomy for the remaining 2. Systemic or intralesional antibiotics and sclerosis of the gland were also carried out. Although one case presented with hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis in the acute phase, definitive hypothyroidism was observed in 5 patients at 6 months following discharge. The rate of success was 100%. CONCLUSION: Thyroid gland suppuration is a very infrequent circumstance in neck pathology, and the options for its treatment are varied, from conservative to invasive techniques according to the microbial and radiologic findings.

"How To" Videos Improve Residents Performance of Essential Perioperative Electronic Medical Records and Clinical Tasks.

OBJECTIVE: The ability to use electronic medical records (EMR) is an essential skill for surgical residents. However, frustration and anxiety surrounding EMR tasks may detract from clinical performance. We created a series of brief, 1-3 minutes "how to" videos demonstrating 7 key perioperative EMR tasks: booking OR cases, placing preprocedure orders, ordering negative-pressure wound dressing supplies, updating day-of-surgery history and physical notes, writing brief operative notes, discharging patients from the postanesthesia care unit, and checking vital signs. Additionally, we used "Cutting Insights"-a locally developed responsive mobile application for surgical trainee education-as a platform for providing interns with easy access to these videos. We hypothesized that exposure to these videos would lead to increased resident efficiency and confidence in performing essential perioperative tasks, ultimately leading to improved clinical performance. METHODS: Eleven surgery interns participated in this initiative. Before watching the "how to" videos, each intern was timed performing the aforementioned 7 key perioperative EMR tasks. They also underwent a simulated perioperative emergency requiring the performance of 3 of these EMR tasks in conjunction with 5 other required interventions (including notifying the chief resident, the anesthesia team, and the OR coordinator; and ordering fluid boluses, appropriate laboratories, and blood products). These simulations were scored on a scale from 0 to 8. The interns were then directed to watch the videos. Two days later, their times for performing the 7 tasks and their scores for a similar perioperative emergency simulation were once again recorded. Before and after watching the videos, participants were surveyed to assess their confidence in performing each EMR task using a 5-point Likert scale. We also elicited their opinions of the videos and web-based mobile application using a 5-point scale. Statistical analyses to assess for statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) were conducted using paired t-test for parametric variables and a Wilcoxon matched-pair test for nonparametric variables. SETTING: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (a quaternary teaching hospital within the University of Pennsylvania Health System). PARTICIPANTS: Eleven out of 15 interns (12 entered and 11 completed the study) from our categorical and preliminary general surgery residency programs during the 2016 academic year. RESULTS: Before exposure to the brief "how to" videos, 6 of 11 interns were unable to complete all 7 EMR tasks; after exposure, all 11 interns were able to complete all 7 EMR tasks. Moreover, interns' times for each task improved following exposure. Interns self-reported improved confidence in booking an OR case (4 ± 0.9 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6, p = 0.05), ordering negative-pressure wound therapy supplies (3.1 ± 1.6 vs. 4.5 ± 0.7, p < 0.05), writing a brief operative note (3.7 ± 1.2 vs. 4.6 ± 0.7, p = 0.05), discharging patients from the postanesthesia care unit (3.3 ± 1.0 vs. 4.4 ± 0.8, p < 0.05), checking vital signs (2.5 ± 1.4 vs. 4.5 ± 0.8, p ≤ 0.01), and performing necessary EMR tasks during an emergency situation (2.4 ± 0.8 vs. 4.6 ± 0.7, p ≤ 0.0001). Participants also demonstrated a significant improvement in average clinical score on the emergency simulations (5.2 ± 1.7 vs. 6.6 ± 0.9, p < 0.05). Interns' opinions of the videos and the mobile phone application were favorable. CONCLUSIONS: In our group of 11 surgery interns, exposure to a series of short "how to" videos led to increased confidence and shortened times in performing 7 essential EMR tasks. Additionally, during a simulated perioperative emergency, EMR tasks were performed significantly faster. Clinical performance also improved significantly following exposure to the videos. This just-in-time educational intervention could improve workflow efficiency and clinical performance, both of which may ultimately enhance perioperative patient safety.

BRAVO esophageal pH monitoring: more cost-effective than empiric medical therapy for suspected gastroesophageal reflux.

INTRODUCTION: Early referral for catheter-based esophageal pH monitoring is more cost-effective than empiric proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We hypothesize that BRAVO wireless pH monitoring will also demonstrate substantial cost-savings compared to empiric PPI therapy, given its superior sensitivity and comfort. METHODS: We reviewed 100 consecutive patients who underwent wireless pH monitoring for suspected GERD at our institution. A cost model and a cost equivalence calculation were generated. Cost-saving analyses were performed for both esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients were available for analysis. Median PPI use prior to referral was 215 weeks (range 0-520). Forty-three patients (49 %) had BRAVO results diagnosing GERD; 98 % of these had esophageal symptoms. Patients with negative BRAVO studies had a median of 113 (0-520) weeks of unnecessary PPI therapy. Cost-savings ranged from $1048 to $15,853 per patient, depending on sensitivity (75-95 %), PPI dosage, and brand. Maximum cost-savings occurred in patients with extraesophageal symptoms ($2948-$31,389 per patient). The PPI cost equivalence of BRAVO placement was 36 and 6 weeks for low- and high-dose therapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BRAVO wireless pH testing is more cost-effective than prolonged empiric medical management for GERD and should be incorporated early in the treatment algorithm.