ABSTRACT
Apathy is one of the most common behavioural symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet there are few studies that have investigated the relationship between apathy and quality of life (QOL) as they are experienced by the patient. A cohort of 60 ALS patients were evaluated using the Apathy Evaluation Scale which measured cognitive, behavioural, emotional and non-specific symptoms of apathy combined with the Personal Wellbeing Index, a multidimensional measure of QOL. The relationship between patient-rated apathy and QOL scores, controlling for potential clinical and psychological confounders were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods. Apathy was identified in 30% of ALS patients. Patients with apathy reported higher levels of depression (p = 0.0001). Compared to non-apathetic patients, patients with apathy had lower overall QOL (p = 0.001), most pronounced in the domains related to achievements in life (p = 0.001) and community-connectedness (p = 0.0001). Of the cognitive, behavioural, emotional and non-specific manifestations of apathy, only the emotional symptoms explained a significant amount of variance in achievements in life (p = 0.003) and community-connectedness (p = 0.001). As such, emotional manifestations of apathy may underlie worse QOL in ALS patients presenting with behavioural impairment. Patient-reported outcomes, particularly those assessing psychosocial functioning may be important for demonstrating the efficacy of interventions designed to improve QOL in ALS patients with behavioural impairment.
Subject(s)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/complications , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/psychology , Apathy/physiology , Depression/etiology , Quality of Life/psychology , Aged , Australia , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Emotions/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Patient Outcome Assessment , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Apathy is the most commonly reported behavioural change in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the degree to which it affects prognosis and overlaps with depression in this population is unknown. The present study examined the relationship between level of apathy, mortality and survival time and whether apathy was linked to specific symptom clusters of depression. METHODS: A cohort of 76 consecutive ALS patients attending specialized multidisciplinary clinics were classified according to level of apathy. The effects of clinical factors and apathy on survival time were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: The majority of patients with moderate to severe apathy died during the study (P = 0.003) and had a median survival time of 21.7 months, considerably shorter than patients with mild apathy (46.9 months) and no apathy (51.9 months) (P = 0.0001). Apathy remained a significant predictor of survival even after controlling for clinical factors and symptom duration at the time of study entry (hazard ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 1.9-7.5, P = 0.0001). Depression with demoralization was not associated with level of apathy (P = 0.172) whereas depression with anhedonia was more common in patients with apathy than in those without apathy (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of severe apathy is an independent, negative prognostic factor in ALS.
