In vitro optical characterization and discrimination of female breast tissue during near infrared femtosecond laser pulses propagation.

Ultrashort infrared laser pulses were transmitted through excised female breast tissue. The resulted signal was recorded by a streak camera with a time resolution of the order of a few ps. Experimental data of the temporal spread of the ultrashort pulse during the transmission through the tissue have been analyzed using the Patterson analytical expression derived from the diffusion theory. This resulted in the calculation of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, which are related to the optical characteristics of each type of tissue. The goal of the study was to use the theoretical values of the coefficients to discriminate different kinds of tissue.

Localization of an acromesomelic dysplasia on chromosome 9 by homozygosity mapping.

The acromesomelic dysplasias (AMDs) are a group of genetic disorders that primarily affect the middle and distal segments of the extremities. A form of AMD is present on the isolated island of St Helena in the South Atlantic, which has a population of approximately 5500 derived from a number of founder individuals. DNA from four affected individuals and 11 first-degree relatives in four related nuclear families segregating an AMD was collected for gene mapping studies. Six consecutive markers on chromosome 9, spanning an approximately 5 cM region, showed identical homozygosity in all affected individuals, thus identifying a region of homozygosity by descent. Multipoint analysis generated a maximum lod score of Z = 2.85. These data localize the gene for this dysplasia to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 9 where the gene for the Maroteaux form of AMD is situated. The identification of the gene responsible for this disorder may shed further light on the complex processes involved in limb morphogenesis.

Changes in immunologic variables (TNF-a, sCD8 and sCD4) during danazol treatment in patients with endometriosis.

DESIGN: The levels of TNF-a, sCD8, and sCD4 were measured in serum samples taken from 20 women. Blood samples for TNF-a, sCD8 and sCD4 levels were taken from 10 endometriotic women before treatment, during the last 15 days of a 6-month administration of danazol and 3 months after treatment. Blood samples were taken only once from 10 women without endometriosis (control group). RESULTS: TNF-a levels were higher in women with endometriosis before treatment compared to controls (P < .05). Administration of the drug significantly reduced the levels of TNF-a (P < .01) and sCD8 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that danazol significantly reduces endometriosis-associated autoimmune abnormalities.

The evaluation of morphological abnormalities of human spermatozoa in fertile and infertile men.

Spermatozoal morphology in semen from 114 fertile men, 107 infertile men with varicocele and 35 infertile men with infection of the accessory genital organs, aged from 18 to 53 years were evaluated by Papanicolaou-stained smears in order to investigate: (a) the frequency of abnormalities in the neck and tail of spermatozoa with an abnormal head and (b) the ability of prediction of the morphology of one sperm part when the morphology of another part is known. The investigation showed that: (1) morphological abnormalities in the neck are significantly higher (P < 0.001, P < 0.01), when the head was abnormal, compared to spermatozoa with a normal head in fertile men and in men with varicocele, respectively; (2) morphological abnormalities in the tail are also higher (0.05 < P < 0.1) in spermatozoa with an abnormal head in men with infection; (3) the proportional reduction of error (PRE) was low in all cases. Our results show that spermatozoa with abnormal heads more often present morphological abnormalities of their counterparts compared to spermatozoa with normal heads. Nevertheless, no prediction can be made on the nature of the morphology of a part of a spermatozoon on the basis of knowledge of its morphology of another part.