[Qualification requirements for the re-delegation of medical activities to nursing professionals (with extended competencies)]. / Qualifikationsbedarf für Pflegefachpersonen (mit erweiterten Kompetenzen) bei einer Aufgabenneuverteilung ärztlicher Tätigkeiten.

BACKGROUND: For many years, the redistribution of tasks and thus a transfer of medical activities to nursing professionals with extended competencies has been discussed in Germany and is currently being regulated by the federal government. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to record the opinions of GPs and nurses on the qualification requirements for possible delegable and substitutable medical activities to nurses using the example of outpatient dementia care. METHOD: In the context of a quantitative survey, the qualification requirements for the delegation of 30 different activities to nurses were collected from primary care physicians and nurses. A total of 1,634 questionnaires was distributed. The response rate was 28.0 % (primary care physicians: n=225, and nursing specialists: n=232). The analyses were carried out descriptively using SPSS software (version 25, IBM Corp., 2017). RESULTS: 45.1% of the respondents said they needed additional qualification prior to such a task transfer. This need primarily relates to further training (37.3%). Those seeking a university education (36.2%), will either pursue a Bachelor's (15.6%) or a Master's degree (20.6%) to obtain the necessary qualification. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can help define the activity profiles of academically qualified nursing professionals and inform the development of curricula for their university education. Furthermore, they will support the further development of the legal framework.

[Transfer of Physicians' Tasks to Nurses in the Care of People with Dementia]. / Aufgabenübertragung ärztlicher Tätigkeiten in der Versorgung von Menschen mit Demenz auf Pflegefachpersonen in Substitution und Delegation.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: A transfer of medical activities to nurses and thus the redistribution of tasks has been discussed for almost 15 years. A legal base for model projects has been enacted. However, clearly defined tasks for substitution are still lacking. The aim of this study was to solicit opinions of general practitioners, nurses, people with dementia (PwD) and their relatives about the possibility of a large number of specific General practitioner (GP) tasks being performed by nurses in outpatient dementia care. METHODS: A mixed-methods study with a sequential in-depth design was conducted. The analysis presented here refers to the quantitative survey of the four participant groups. 865 participants were asked about the acceptance of substitution of assessments, primary and follow-up prescriptions, health monitoring measures and other activities currently performed by physicians. RESULTS: Across all groups of subjects, the highest level of approval for substitution was achieved for the assessment of mobility restrictions, everyday competencies, nutritional abnormalities, prescription of transportation, nursing aids, home nursing services and drawing of blood samples. Among PwD and relatives, the level of acceptance for substitution was very high. 88% of the PwD and relatives indicated that many activities can be substituted while the general practitioner remained their first point of contact. More GPs (63.2%) than nurses (56.7%) would accept the substitution. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a large number of GPs, nurses, patients and their relatives welcome substitution. However, PwD and relatives have a significantly more positive attitude towards substitution.

[Task sharing in outpatient dementia care - Focus groups with GPs and nurses]. / Aufgabenteilung in der ambulanten Versorgung von Menschen mit Demenz.

Task sharing in outpatient dementia care - Focus groups with GPs and nurses Abstract. Background: Caring for people with dementia (PWD) is challenging for the health system and family carers and can only be managed through interprofessional medical and nursing care. AIM: The AHeaD study investigated attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) and nurses towards the transfer of activities previously performed by GPs to advanced nurses in the outpatient care of PWDs. METHODS: In four focus group discussions with 10 GPs and 13 nurses, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate attitudes towards the transfer of certain tasks and to identify opportunities and barriers to their introduction. RESULTS: GPs primarily preferred the transfer of nursing activities such as blood sampling, assessments, their monitoring or follow-up prescriptions for nursing aids. "Classical" medical tasks (e. g. diagnosis of diseases, initial prescription of medication) are still seen in the hands of GPs. Nurses demanded more appreciation and recognition for the relationship between GPs and nurse and criticised the lack of trust and insufficient communication. Both sides pointed to tight time budgets that were hardly oriented towards the actual needs of the PWD. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a redistribution of tasks requires the creation of legal and financial framework conditions, time resources, concrete task descriptions as well as a stronger cooperation between the professional groups involved. Innovative concepts could contribute to the sensible use of the resources GP and nurses and strengthen the care of PWDs.

Attitudes towards advanced nursing roles in primary dementia care - Results of an observational study in Germany.

AIMS: To demonstrate the attitudes of general practitioners (GPs), nurses, persons with dementia, and caregiver towards suitable tasks and qualification needs for and the acceptance and impact of advanced nursing roles in German dementia primary care. DESIGN: Observational study using a questionnaire survey with 225 GPs, 232 nurses, 211 persons with dementia, and 197 caregivers, conducted between December 2017-August 2018. METHODS: A questionnaire was generated that includes specific assessment, prescription, and monitoring tasks of advanced nursing roles in dementia primary care as well as qualification requirements for and the acceptance and the impact of advanced nursing roles. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Group differences were assessed using the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Advanced nursing roles were highly appreciated across all groups. Assessment and monitoring tasks were rated as highly suitable, and prescription authorities as moderately suitable. Nurses felt less confident in assessment and monitoring, but more confident in prescribing as practitioners expected. Patients and caregivers would appreciate a takeover of tasks by nurses; nurses and practitioners preferred a delegation. A dementia-specific qualification was rated as best suitable for advanced nursing roles, followed by 'no specific qualification' if medical tasks that only can be carried out by practitioners were delegated and an academic degree if tasks were substituted. Advanced nursing roles were rated as beneficial, strengthening the confidence in nursing care and improving the cooperation between professionals and the treatment. Practitioners assumed that advanced nursing roles would improve job satisfaction of nurses, which was not confirmed by nurses. CONCLUSION: There is an extended consensus towards the enlargement of advanced nursing roles, represented by high endorsement, acceptance, and willingness to reorganize tasks. IMPACT: Results debunk the common notion that German practitioners would be reluctant towards advanced nursing roles and a takeover of current practitioner tasks, supporting the implementation of advanced nursing roles in Germany.

The CK2 kinase stabilizes CLOCK and represses its activity in the Drosophila circadian oscillator.

Phosphorylation is a pivotal regulatory mechanism for protein stability and activity in circadian clocks regardless of their evolutionary origin. It determines the speed and strength of molecular oscillations by acting on transcriptional activators and their repressors, which form negative feedback loops. In Drosophila, the CK2 kinase phosphorylates and destabilizes the PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) proteins, which inhibit CLOCK (CLK) transcriptional activity. Here we show that CK2 also targets the CLK activator directly. Downregulating the activity of the catalytic α subunit of CK2 induces CLK degradation, even in the absence of PER and TIM. Unexpectedly, the regulatory ß subunit of the CK2 holoenzyme is not required for the regulation of CLK stability. In addition, downregulation of CK2α activity decreases CLK phosphorylation and increases per and tim transcription. These results indicate that CK2 inhibits CLK degradation while reducing its activity. Since the CK1 kinase promotes CLK degradation, we suggest that CLK stability and transcriptional activity result from counteracting effects of CK1 and CK2.

Post-translational timing mechanisms of the Drosophila circadian clock.

Circadian clocks allow a temporal coordination and segregation of physiological, metabolic, and behavioural processes as well as their synchronization with the environmental cycles of day and night. Circadian regulation thereby provides a vital advantage, improving an organisms' adaptation to its environment. The molecular clock can be synchronized with environmental cycles of day and night, but is able to maintain a self-sustained molecular oscillation also in the absence of environmental stimuli. Interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops were shown to form the basis of circadian clock function in all phyla from bacteria, fungi, plants, insects to humans. More recently post-translational regulation was identified to be equally important, if not sufficient for molecular clock function and accurate timing of circadian transcription. Here we review recent insights into post-translational timing mechanisms that control the circadian clock, with a particular focus on Drosophila. Analogous to transcriptional feedback regulation, circadian clock function in Drosophila appears to rely on inter-connected post-translational timers. Post-translational regulation of clock proteins illustrates mechanisms that allow a precise temporal control of transcription factors in general and of circadian transcription in particular.

Sequential and compartment-specific phosphorylation controls the life cycle of the circadian CLOCK protein.

The circadian clock facilitates a temporal coordination of most homeostatic activities and their synchronization with the environmental cycles of day and night. The core oscillating activity of the circadian clock is formed by a heterodimer of the transcription factors CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC). Post-translational regulation of CLK/CYC has previously been shown to be crucial for clock function and accurate timing of circadian transcription. Here we report that a sequential and compartment-specific phosphorylation of the Drosophila CLK protein assigns specific localization and activity patterns. Total and nuclear amounts of CLK protein were found to oscillate over the course of a day in circadian neurons. Detailed analysis of the cellular distribution and phosphorylation of CLK revealed that newly synthesized CLK is hypophosphorylated in the cytoplasm prior to nuclear import. In the nucleus, CLK is converted into an intermediate phosphorylation state that correlates with trans-activation of circadian transcription. Hyperphosphorylation and degradation are promoted by nuclear export of the CLK protein. Surprisingly, CLK localized to discrete nuclear foci in cell culture as well as in circadian neurons of the larval brain. These subnuclear sites likely contain a storage form of the transcription factor, while homogeneously distributed nuclear CLK appears to be the transcriptionally active form. These results show that sequential post-translational modifications and subcellular distribution regulate the activity of the CLK protein, indicating a core post-translational timing mechanism of the circadian clock.