ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Overgeneral autobiographical memory has been identified as a risk factor for the onset and maintenance of depression. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that might explain overgeneral autobiographical memory phenomenon in depression. The purpose of this study was to test the mediation effects of rumination on the relationship between overgeneral autobiographical memory and depressive symptoms. Specifically, the mediation effects of brooding and reflection subtypes of rumination were examined in patients with major depressive disorder. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients with major depressive disorder completed the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Ruminative Response Scale, and Autobiographical Memory Test. Bootstrap mediation analysis for simple and multiple mediation models through the PROCESS macro was applied. RESULTS: Simple mediation analysis showed that rumination significantly mediated the relationship between overgeneral autobiographical memory and depression symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses showed that brooding, but not reflection, significantly mediated the relationship between overgeneral autobiographical memory and depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that global rumination partly mediates the relationship between overgeneral autobiographical memory and depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. Furthermore, the present results suggest that the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between overgeneral autobiographical memory and depression is mainly due to the maladaptive brooding subtype of rumination.
Subject(s)
Attention , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Generalization, Psychological , Memory, Episodic , Stereotyped Behavior , Thinking , Adult , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Inventory , Young AdultABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to determine the astragaloside content in Qishen Huoxue Granule (QHG) by HPLC and to investigate the protective effect of astragaloside in septic rats. Methods: Dikma DiamonsilTM C18 column was used. Mobile phase was methanol: acetonitrile (42:58) and detection was performed at 205 nm. Healthy rats were randomly divided into three groups, group A: sham operation (SO) group; group B: cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group; and group C: CLP QHG treatment group. 72 h after model establishment, plasma tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), plasma and peritoneal albumin concentrations, as well as mesenteric venular flow velocity in each group were measured and degree of intestinal mucosal injury was observed. Average recovery was 100.7%, with a RSD of 2.20%. Sample concentration exhibited good linearity with peak area within a 0.01~0.2 mg/mL range. After CLP, plasma TNF- concentration and albumin leakage in rats increased markedly; such increases were more significant in group B than group C (P<0.01). Changes in intestinal mucosal scores also presented the same trend (P<0.01). Mesenteric venular flow slowed down and plasma albumin concentration lowered; such decreases were more significant in group B than group C (P<0.05). QHG can reduce the inflammatory response and intestinal mucosal injury in rats with CLP-induced sepsis.
Determinar o teor de astragaloside no granule de astragalus, estudar a função de protecção da emodina para tratamento de sepse no corpo de rato. Método: utiliza-se Dikma DiamonsilTM C18, A fase móvel é metanol acetonitrilo, e é detectado em 205nm; os ratos saudáveis são divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos, grupo A: grupo fingido; grupo B: grupo de ligadura e perfuração cecal(CLP): grupo C: CLP grupo com tratamento de granule de astragalus. Construi-se um modelo, 72 horas depois, observam-se separadamente em cada plasma o factor de necrose tumoral - (TNF-), a concentração de albumina peritoneal na intraperitoneal e plasma, velocidade do fluxo venoso de mesentério e observa a extensão do dano para intestino. Resultados: A taxa de recuperação média é de 100,7%, DPR de 2,20%, a concentração da amostra está entre 0,01 ~ 0,2 mg / mL e mante uma boa relação linear com a área do pico. Depois de execução de CLP, aumentam-se obviamente a concentração de TNF- em plasma de rato e a taxa de perda de albumina, e o aumento de grupo B é mais significativo do que grupo C(P <0,01), e as alterações na pontuação das lesões intestinais têm a mesma tendência (P <0,01); diminui-se a velocidade do fluxo venoso de mesentério, e também reduz-se a concentração de albumina peritoneal em plasma, e a diminuição do grupo B é mais óbvia do que a do grupo C(P<0.05). Conclusão: granule de astragalus consegue aliviar a infeção do rato com sepse causada por CLP e diminuir as lesões intestinais.
