Subject(s)
Chlamydia Infections/therapy , Chlamydia trachomatis , Consensus , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Diversity and plasticity are two hallmarks of macrophages. M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages) are pro-inflammatory and have a central role in host defense against infection, while M2 macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages) are associated with responses to anti-inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling, and they represent two terminals of the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Transformation of different phenotypes of macrophages regulates the initiation, development, and cessation of inflammatory diseases. Here we reviewed the characters and functions of macrophage polarization in infection, atherosclerosis, obesity, tumor, asthma, and sepsis, and proposed that targeting macrophage polarization and skewing their phenotype to adapt to the microenvironment might hold great promise for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/immunology , Cellular Microenvironment/immunology , Inflammation/therapy , Macrophages/cytology , Macrophages/physiology , Models, Immunological , Signal Transduction/immunology , Asthma/immunology , Asthma/physiopathology , Atherosclerosis/immunology , Atherosclerosis/physiopathology , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Humans , Infections/immunology , Infections/physiopathology , Insulin Resistance/immunology , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/physiopathology , Obesity/immunology , Obesity/physiopathology , Sepsis/immunology , Sepsis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an emerging technique for the treatment of genital human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced benign and premalignant lesions. We report here in a case series of condyloma acuminata (CA) in pregnancy successfully treated with ALA-PDT. METHODS: Five pregnant patients with CA received three to four times treatment respectively. Patients were followed up for 6 - 23 months after treatment. RESULTS: The clearance rate of genital warts was 100%. No recurrence was found during the follow-up period. Major adverse events reported were mild erosion, pain, and local edema. All pregnancies resulted in healthy live births without delivery complications. CONCLUSIONS: PDT with topical ALA seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of CA in pregnancy. It demonstrated high clearance rate of warts, was well-tolerated by patients, and showed no adverse effects on mothers or fetuses. ALA-PDT may be an ideal strategy of treatment for pregnant women with CA.
Subject(s)
Condylomata Acuminata/drug therapy , Photochemotherapy/methods , Adult , Aminolevulinic Acid/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
Cryptococcus neoformans may be grown to the exponential phase,are broken by a combination of NovoZym234 and mechanical means,and mitochondrial DNA was extracted from DNaseI-treated mitochondrial preparation by differential centrifugation. Three pellets, including yeast cell, protoplasts, mitochondrial, were examined by transmission electronic microscopy. The resulting mtDNA is sufficiently pure for restriction endonucleases analysis and PCR in further studying. A rapid and effective method for the preparation of the mtDNA of C.neoformans was established.
