Advancing Diabetes Management: The Future of Enzyme-Less Nanoparticle-Based Glucose Sensors-A Review.

BACKGROUND: Glucose is vital for biological processes, requiring blood sugar levels to be maintained between 3.88 and 6.1 mmol/L, especially during fasting. Elevated levels signal diabetes, a global concern affecting 537 million people, necessitating effective glucose-monitoring devices. METHOD: Enzyme-based sensors, though selective, are sensitive to environmental factors. Nonenzymatic sensors, especially those with nanoparticles, offer stability, high surface area, and cost-effectiveness. Existing literature supports their immediate glucose oxidation, showcasing exceptional sensitivity. RESULTS: This review details nonenzymatic sensors, highlighting materials, detection limits, and the promise of nanoparticle-based designs, which exhibit enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in glucose detection. CONCLUSION: Nanoparticle-based sensors, as reviewed, show potential for glucose monitoring, overcoming enzyme-based limitations. The conclusion suggests future directions for advancing these sensors, emphasizing ongoing innovation in this critical research area.

High Prevalence of blaNDM Among Carbapenem Non-Susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Tunisian Hospital First Report of blaNDM-9, blaKPC-20, and blaKPC-26 Genes.

Fifty-four carbapenem non-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (CNSKP) isolates were collected from a Tunisian hospital over a period of 13 consecutive months. Carbapenemase production and the prevalence of carbapenemase-encoding genes were investigated using combined-disk test (CDT), modified Carba NP (mCarba NP) test, and UV-spectrophotometry method complemented by PCR experiments and sequencing. Carbapenemase production was detected by the mCarba NP test and CDT in 92.59% and 96.29% of the 54 CNSKP isolates, respectively; while imipenem hydrolysis was detected using UV-spectrophotometry in the crude extracts of 44 isolates. blaNDM, blaOXA-48-like, and blaKPC carbapenemase-encoding genes were found in 48, 31, and 22 isolates, respectively. Remarkably, blaNDM-9, blaKPC-20, and blaKPC-26 genes were reported. The co-occurrence of carbapenemase-encoding genes in a single isolate was detected in 62.96% of the isolates. The analysis of clonal relationships between the isolates by pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed that the majority of them were genetically unrelated. Our investigation provides molecular data on enzymatic mechanism of carbapenem non-susceptibility among 54 CNSKP showing the dominance of blaNDM, and comprises the first identification of blaNDM-9, blaKPC-20, and blaKPC-26 genes in a Tunisia hospital.