ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Patients with brain metastases (BM) rarely survive longer than 6months and are commonly excluded from clinical trials. We explored two combined modality regimens with novel agents with single agent activity and radiosensitizing properties. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this randomised phase II trial patients with BM from NSCLC were randomly assigned to 30Gy WBRT with either concomitant gefitinib (GFT) 250mg/day continuously or temozolomide (TMZ) 75mg/m(2) for 21/28days. The primary end-point was overall survival, with quality of life and cognitive function as secondary end-points. RESULTS: We enrolled 59 patients (GFT 16, TMZ 43), and 56 patients have died, mainly (80%) from disease progression. Four patients succumbed complications of the disease or corticosteroids (intestinal perforation (2), CNS haemorrhage and pulmonary emboli). Median overall survival in the gefitinib arm was 6.3months (95% CI 2.1-14.6), and 4.9months (95% CI 2.3-5.6) in TMZ treated patients. Fatigue was the main complaint. CONCLUSIONS: No relevant toxicity with those therapeutic regimens was observed. Fatal outcome in three patients may have been related to corticosteroids. Cognitive function improved during treatment. However, median overall survival for all patients was only 4.9months (95% CI 2.3-5.7) and 1-year survival 25.4% (95% CI 15.4-37.0%).
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy , Cognition , Cranial Irradiation , Dacarbazine/analogs & derivatives , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Quality of Life , Quinazolines/therapeutic use , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology , Brain Neoplasms/secondary , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary , Chemoradiotherapy/methods , Cognition/drug effects , Cognition/physiology , Cognition/radiation effects , Cranial Irradiation/adverse effects , Cranial Irradiation/methods , Dacarbazine/therapeutic use , Female , Gefitinib , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Survival Analysis , TemozolomideABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is usually thought to be unresectable, and is managed with chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. However, selected patients might benefit from surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this multicentre, phase II trial was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of a neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by surgery in patients with technically operable stage IIIB NSCLC. METHODS: Between September, 2001, and May, 2006, patients with pathologically proven and technically resectable stage IIIB NSCLC were sequentially treated with three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin with docetaxel), immediately followed by accelerated concomitant boost radiotherapy (44 Gy in 22 fractions) and definitive surgery. The primary endpoint was event-free survival at 12 months. Efficacy analyses were done by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00030810. FINDINGS: 46 patients were enrolled, with a median age of 60 years (range 28-70). 13 (28%) patients had N3 disease, 36 (78%) had T4 disease. All patients received chemotherapy; 35 (76%) patients received radiotherapy. The main toxicities during chemotherapy were neutropenia (25 patients [54%] at grade 3 or 4) and febrile neutropenia (nine [20%]); the main toxicity after radiotherapy was oesophagitis (ten patients [29%]; nine grade 2, one grade 3). 35 patients (76%) underwent surgery, with pneumonectomy in 17 patients. A complete (R0) resection was achieved in 27 patients. Peri-operative complications occurred in 14 patients, including two deaths (30-day mortality 5.7%). Seven patients required a second surgical intervention. Pathological mediastinal downstaging was seen in 11 of the 28 patients who had lymph-node involvement at enrolment, a complete pathological response was seen in six patients. Event-free survival at 12 months was 54% (95% CI 39-67). After a median follow-up of 58 months, the median overall survival was 29 months (95% CI 16.1-NA), with survival at 1, 3, and 5 years of 67% (95% CI 52-79), 47% (32-61), and 40% (24-55). INTERPRETATION: A treatment strategy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by surgery is feasible in selected patients. Toxicity is considerable, but manageable. Survival compares favourably with historical results of combined treatment for less advanced stage IIIA disease. FUNDING: Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK) and an unrestricted educational grant by Sanofi-Aventis (Switzerland).
