Resultados preliminares de un trabajo multicéntrico a nivel nacional para el tratamiento de STUI secundario a hiperplasia benigna de próstata mediante el sistema con vapor de agua Rezum / Preliminary results of a national multicenter study on the treatment of LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia using the Rezum steam system

Introducción y objetivo El sistema Rezūm® t/o es una técnica mínimamente invasiva que emplea la inyección intraprostática transuretral de vapor de agua para la ablación del tejido prostático. El objetivo del estudio es reflejar los resultados funcionales a corto plazo y de seguridad obtenidos aplicando la técnica en la práctica clínica real. Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo realizado en 5 hospitales españoles para el tratamiento de STUI secundario a HBP mediante el sistema Rezūm®. Se incluyeron pacientes con lóbulo medio prostático (LM) y portadores de sonda vesical (SV). La valoración pre- y postoperatoria se realizó con los cuestionarios IPSS, IIEF-5 y QoL, los resultados flujométricos y el residuo posmiccional. Se registraron las complicaciones acontecidas, así como la tasa de retratamientos al año de seguimiento. Resultados Un total de 137 pacientes fueron incluidos, presentando 64 pacientes LM y 10 pacientes SV. La media de volumen prostático fue de 50cm3 (15-131). A los 3 meses de seguimiento se objetivó una mejoría estadísticamente significativa tanto del IPSS (−6,37 puntos) como del Qmax (+4,95mL/s) y el QoL (−1,29) que se mantuvo hasta los 12 meses: −10,78 puntos, +4,62mL/s y −2,73 (p<0,001), respectivamente. No se objetivaron cambios significativos en la esfera sexual. Todas las complicaciones fueron de carácter leve (≤ClavienII). La tasa de retratamiento al año fue del 4,3%. Conclusión Los resultados a corto plazo de esta técnica son prometedores, mostrando mejoría en los resultados funcionales, sin repercusión en la esfera sexual y asumiendo complicaciones de carácter leve y corta duración. Sin embargo, son necesarios seguimientos más prolongados para establecer su durabilidad y realizar comparaciones directas con otros tratamientos (AU)

Introduction and objective Rezūm® system is a minimally invasive transurethral therapy that uses convective water vapor energy to ablate prostatic tissue. The objective is to report 1-year functional and security outcomes obtained by using this technique in real clinical practice. Material and methods Prospective study conducted in 5 Spanish hospitals for the treatment of LUTS secondary to BPH using the Rezūm® system. Patients with prostatic medium lobe (ML) and urethral catheter carriers were also included. Pre- and post-operative data were collected using IPSS, IIEF-5 and QoL questionnaires, flowmetry and post-void residual volume. Complications and retreatment rate at one-year follow-up were also reported. Results 137 patients, including 64 with ML and 10 patients with urinary retention were treated. Median prostate volume was 50cm3 (15-131). At 3 months follow-up, significant improvement was observed in IPSS (−6,37 points), Qmax (+4,95mL/s) and QoL (−1,29); and was maintained until 12 months: −10,78 points,+4,62mL/s and −2,73 respectively (p<0.001). No significant changes were observed in the sexual sphere. All complications were mild (≤Clavien II). Retreatment rate at one year was 4%. Conclusion Short-term results of this technique are promising, showing improvement in terms of functional outcomes, with no impact on the sexual sphere or complications. Longer term follow-up should include treatment durability and comparison to standard BPH treatments (AU)

Preliminary results of a national multicenter study on the treatment of LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia using the Rezum® steam system.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Rezum® system is a minimally invasive transurethral therapy that uses convective water vapor energy to ablate prostatic tissue. The objective is to report 1-year functional and security outcomes obtained by using this technique in real clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study conducted in 5 Spanish hospitals for the treatment of LUTS secondary to BPH using the Rezum® system. Patients with prostatic medium lobe (ML) and urethral catheter carriers were also included. Pre- and post-operative data were collected using IPSS, IIEF-5 and QoL questionnaires, flowmetry and post-void residual volume. Complications and retreatment rate at one-year follow-up were also reported. RESULTS: 137 patients, including 64 with ML and 10 patients with urinary retention were treated. Median prostate volume was 50 cm3 (15-131). At 3 months follow-up, significant improvement was observed in IPSS (-6.37 points), Qmax (+4.95 mL/s) and QoL (-1.29); and was maintained until 12 months: -10.78 points, +4.62 mL/s and -2.73 respectively (p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the sexual sphere. All complications were mild (≤ Clavien II). Retreatment rate at one year was 4%. CONCLUSION: Short-term results of this technique are promising, showing improvement in terms of functional outcomes, with no impact on the sexual sphere or complications. Longer term follow-up should include treatment durability and comparison to standard BPH treatments.

Urinary tract infection as the main cause of admission in cystectomized patients. / La infección del tracto urinario como causa principal de ingreso en pacientes cistectomizados.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion associated with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy continues to be the treatment of choice in muscle invasive bladder cancer. Sixty-four percent of patients submitted to this procedure present postoperative complications, with urinary infection being responsible in 20-40% of cases. The aim of this project is to assess the rate of urinary infection as a cause of re-admission after cystectomy, and to identify protective and predisposing factors for urinary infection in our environment. Finally, we will evaluate the outcomes after the establishment of a prophylactic antibiotic protocol after removal of ureteral catheters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of cystectomized patients in the Urology Service of the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Zaragoza, from January 2012 to December 2018. A urinary tract infection (UTI) prevention protocol after catheter removal is established for all patients since October 2017. RESULTS: UTI is responsible for 54.7% of readmissions, with 55.1% of these being due to UTI after removal of ureteral catheters. Of the patients who received with prophylaxis, 9.5% presented UTIs after withdrawal, compared to 10.6% in the group of patients without prophylaxis. The patient who is re-admitted for UTI after withdrawal has a mean catheter time of 24.3±7.2 days, compared to 24.5±7.4 days for patients in the group without UTI (P=.847). CONCLUSIONS: The type of urinary diversion performed is not related to the rate of urinary infection. The regression model does not identify antibiotic prophylaxis, nor catheter time, as independent factors of UTI after catheter removal.

Respuesta y supervivencia libre de progresión en tumores vesicales en estadios T2-T4 tratados con tratamiento trimodal de conservación vesical / Response and Progression-Free Survival in T2 to T4 bladder tumors treated with trimodality therapy with bladder preservation

Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta y la supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP) en pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma vesical infiltrante tratados con RTU-quimioterapia-radioterapia y compararlos con una serie no aleatorizada de pacientes tratados con cistectomía radical. Material y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 43 pacientes con carcinoma vesical infiltrante tratados entre 1994–2007 con dos pautas de conservación vesical y estudio comparativo con pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical (145 casos) en el mismo periodo. Las variables pronósticas para estudio fueron estadio y grado clínico, presencia o no de hidronefrosis, tratamiento quimioterapéutico recibido, dosis de radioterapia y alteraciones en p53 y Ki67. Resultados: La media y la mediana de los pacientes sometidos a conservación vesical fueron de 51 y de 39 meses, respectivamente. El 72% de los pacientes con conservación vesical obtuvo respuesta completa (RC) al finalizar el tratamiento. Solo la hidronefrosis tuvo influencia pronóstica (OR: 7,3; p=0,02). Al final del estudio, el 74% de los que obtuvieron RC mantenía la respuesta. Ninguna de las variables analizadas fueron predictoras del mantenimiento de la respuesta. La SLP en el grupo fue del 69±7 y del 61±7% a 3 y a 5 años. La dosis de radioterapia >60Gy (OR: 6,1; p=0,001) y la ausencia de hidronefrosis (OR 7,5; p=0,02) fueron las únicas variables influyentes. La SLP del grupo con RC fue del 80±7 y del 58±10% a 3 y a 5 años. Al concluir el estudio, 23/43 (53,5%) conservaban la vejiga y estaban libres de enfermedad. Se realizaron 145 cistectomías radicales a pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma vesical infiltrante. La media y la mediana de seguimiento de este grupo fueron de 29 y 18 meses, respectivamente. El análisis estadístico reflejó que los pacientes que se habían sometido a conservación vesical presentaban únicamente peor estadio clínico que los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical (p=0,17).La SLP a 3 y a 5 años de los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical fue del 72±5 y del 63±7%, no evidenciando diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,83) con respecto a los pacientes sometidos a pauta de conservación vesical. Conclusiones: Los pacientes sometidos a conservación vesical obtienen una supervivencia similar a la de los pacientes a los que se les ha realizado cistectomía radical. La dosis de radioterapia >60Gy y la ausencia de hidronefrosis son factores de influencia independiente en la SLP (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the response and the free-survival progression in pacients diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer who have been treated with transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This multimodal treatment is compared with a not random serie of patients treated by radical cistectomy. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 43 cases of invasive bladder cancer treated with two schemes of bladder preservation between 1994–2007. They are compared with 145 cases treated with radical cistectomy in the same period of time. Pronostic variables included in the study are clinical stage, grade of differentiation, presence of ureteral obstruction, chemotherapy modality, radiotherapy doses and p53 and ki-67 expression. Results: Mean and median time are 51 and 39 months in patients with multimodal treatment. Complete response is achieved in 72% of cases treated with bladder preservation. Ureteral obstruction is a prognostic factor (OR: 7,3;p:0,02). 72% patients with complete response mantain it at the end of the study. None of analyzed variables are predictors of maintenance of the response. Survival rates with a intact bladder were 69±7% and 61±7% at three and five years. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy (OR: 6,1; p<0,001) and the absence of ureteral obstruction (OR: 7,5; p<0,002) were pronostic variables. Free-survival in patients with complete response was 80±7% and 58±10% at three and five years. At the end of the study, 53,5% of patients had a intact bladder and free-disease. In the same period of time, 145 radical cistectomies were performed due to muscle invasive bladder cancer. Mean and median time in this group were 29 and 18 months respectively. Stadistical analysis reveals a worse clinical stage in the group of patients treated with multimodal treatment (p:0.01). Free-survival was 72±5% and 63±7% at 3 and 5 years in the group of radical cistectomies. There was not stadistical significant differences between cistectomies and bladder preservation. Conclusions: Patients treated with bladder preservation have a free-survival similar to those treted with radical cistectomy. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy and absence of ureteral obstruction were free-survival prognostic variables (AU)

[Response and progression-free survival in T2 to T4 bladder tumors treated with trimodality therapy with bladder preservation]. / Respuesta y supervivencia libre de progresión en tumores vesicales en estadios T2-T4 tratados con tratamiento trimodal de conservación vesical.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the response and the free-survival progression in patients diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer who have been treated with transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This multimodal treatment is compared with a not random serie of patients treated by radical cistectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 43 cases of invasive bladder cancer treated with two schemes of bladder preservation between 1994-2007. They are compared with 145 cases treated with radical cistectomy in the same period of time. Pronostic variables included in the study are clinical stage, grade of differentiation, presence of ureteral obstruction, chemotherapy modality, radiotherapy doses and p53 and ki-67 expression. RESULTS: Mean and median time are 51 and 39 months in patients with multimodal treatment. Complete response is achieved in 72% of cases treated with bladder preservation. Ureteral obstruction is a prognostic factor (OR: 7,3;p:0,02). 72% patients with complete response mantain it at the end of the study. None of analyzed variables are predictors of maintenance of the response. Survival rates with a intact bladder were 69±7% and 61±7% at three and five years. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy (OR: 6,1; p<0,001) and the absence of ureteral obstruction (OR: 7,5; p<0,002) were pronostic variables. Free-survival in patients with complete response was 80±7% and 58±10% at three and five years. At the end of the study, 53,5% of patients had a intact bladder and free-disease.In the same period of time, 145 radical cistectomies were performed due to muscle invasive bladder cancer. Mean and median time in this group were 29 and 18 months respectively. Stadistical analysis reveals a worse clinical stage in the group of patients treated with multimodal treatment (p:0.01). Free-survival was 72±5% and 63±7% at 3 and 5 years in the group of radical cistectomies. There was not statistical significant differences between cistectomies and bladder preservation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with bladder preservation have a free-survival similar to those treated with radical cistectomy. Radiotherapy doses greater than 60Gy and absence of ureteral obstruction were free-survival prognostic variables.

Respuesta al Comentario editorial al trabajo 'Valor de la PET en la recurrencia de cáncer de próstata con PSA < 5 ng/ml' / No disponible

No disponible

[Pelvic lymph node dissection (extended vs standard) and prostate cancer]. / Linfadenectomía (ampliada vs estándar) y cáncer de próstata.

The role and the potential benefit, if any, of pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostate cancer are still controversially discussed. It is generally accepted that PLND at time of radical prostatectomy is the only reliable diagnostic procedure to achieve as much individual histological staging information as possible to trigger postoperative adjuvant management. However, the extent of pelvic lymph node dissection (limited vs. extended) and the most suitable candidates for this procedure are still a matter of intense debate. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current status on lymph node dissection in prostate cancer.

[Gleason score 8-10 prostatic adenocarcinoma: prognostic influence in the biochemical progression free survival]. / Adenocarcinoma de próstata gleason clínico 8-10: influencia pronóstica en la supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica.

OBJECTIVE: Hereby, we analyze the characteristics of the clinical Gleason 8-10 group of patients with in our series diagnosed of Prostate Cancer and treated by means of radical prostatectomy, and we try to ascertain which are the influence factors within this group upon progression and progression free survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From the global series of 781 patients with T1-T2 prostate cancer treated by means of radical prostatectomy between 1990 and 2004, we study 108 with a Gleason score on the biopsy of 8-10. Median PSA was 12 ng/ml and 50% were T2. Variables related to biochemical progression and progression free survival have been studied, comparing the group of Gleason 8-10 with the rest and analyzing, within the Gleason 8-10 group which are the related variables with progression and progression free survival, trying to find a predictive model. Contingency tables and logistic regression have been employed. For the survival analysis, Kaplan Meyer curves, log-rank and Cox models. RESULTS: Actual State: 62.7% (490/781) are alive and free of biochemical progression, 24.8% (194/781) are alive with biochemical progression, 2.9% (23/781) are dead by cancer and 1.9% (15/781) are dead by other cause and 7.6% (59/781) are lost. Biochemical progression study of the whole series (781 patients) Clinical Gleason score 8-10 is a influence factor on the univariate study (OR2,61 IC 95%: 1.7-4). In the progression free survival study (PFS) of the whole series (781 patients) the PFS in Clinical Gleason 8-10 at 3 and 5 years is 56 +/- 5% y 35 +/- 7%, significantly worse than the rest of the group (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate study of the influence factors on the PFS includes Clinical Gleason Score 8-10 as an independent prognostic factor (OR: 2.6 IC 95%: 1.6-4.12) p = 0.003, together with the clinical stage (OR: 1.,81 IC 95%: 1.18-2.78) p < 0.006, the PSA (OR: 1.03 IC 95%: 1.025-1.046) p < 0.0001 and the side of tumor on the biopsy (OR: 1.5 IC 95%: 1.01-2.24) p = 0.045. In the clinical Gleason score 8-10 group the influent factors on the PFS are. PSA (OR: 1.02 IC 95%: 1.003-1.04) and pathological stage (OR: 3.84 IC 95%: 1.77-8.27). Patients with a pT2 have a significantly better survival than those pT3 at 3 and 5 years (80 +/- 6%; 54 +/- 13% y 40 +/- 7%; 27 +/- 7%) (p < 0.0001). The best cut point for the PSA is 11 ng/ml. Patients with a PSA < 11 ng/ml have a 3 and 5 years survival better than those with >11 ng/ml PSA (74 +/- 7%, 30 +/- 22% y 40 +/- 7%, 26 +/- 7%) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical Gleason Score 8-10 is a negative independent prognostic factor on the progression free survival, but its prognosis is better if they present a PSA prior surgery lower than 11 ng/ml and the pathological stage is a pT2.

Láser y tumores vesicales / Laser and bladder tumors

Los tumores vesicales suponen una de las enfermedades más frecuentes de la urología. La introducción de los láseres en el armamentario terapéutico urológico supuso un gran avance, pero los resultados iniciales con los primeros modelos, no alcanzaron las expectativas. Sin embargo, en la actualidad disponemos de una gran variedad de láseres para uso urológico, con distintas funciones y aplicaciones. Realizamos una revisión e intentamos asentar las indicaciones actuales de su utilización en el tratamiento de los tumores vesicales, así como una visión de futuro de sus posibles aplicaciones (AU)

Bladder cancer is one of the most frequents pathologies in urology. The introduction of the laser among the technical tools supposed a great advance, but the initial results with the first model failed with the expectations. Nevertheless, nowadays we have at our disposal a great variety of laser for urological use, with different functions and applications. We perform a review and try to assess the actual indications for its employment in the treatment of bladder cancer, as well as future applications (AU)

Prognostic factors and percutaneous nephrolithotomy morbidity: a multivariate analysis of a contemporary series using the Clavien classification.

PURPOSE: We stratified factors affecting treatment morbidity, compared the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures from a single department and provided evidence of treatment benefits when percutaneous nephrolithotomy is performed in an expert setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since the department became a dedicated endourological center in 2002 we grouped all percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures into those performed before 2002 (group 1) and after 2002 (group 2). The modified Clavien classification was used to score morbidity. Independent variables with an influence on complications were studied including stone size, operating time, operative complications, dilation device, urine culture, group allocation and lithotripsy device. Contingency and logistic regression were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 244 percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures 68 comprised group 1 and 176 formed group 2. Statistical preoperative differences were patient age, the use of anticoagulants and positive urinary cultures. Group 1 had a complication rate of 56.8% and group 2 had a complication rate of 37.2%. There were significant differences between the groups (p = 0.007). Almost all complications were grade 1 to 2. On univariate analysis the influence variables were urine culture (OR 1.69), group allocation (OR 2.20), stone size (OR 2.28), dilation device (OR 4.8), lithotripsy device (OR 1.22), perioperative complications (OR 2.83) and surgical time (OR 1.87). On multivariate analysis the independent factors in the complicated outcome were stone size (OR 1.25), type of lithotripsy device (OR 1.35) and incidence of perioperative complications (OR 3.71). CONCLUSIONS: The dedicated setting for percutaneous nephrolithotomy at our center resulted in decreased operative time, more uneventful procedures and decreased hospitalization time. The modified Clavien morbidity score is a reliable tool for more objective outcome comparisons after renal stone treatment.

Linfadenectomía (ampliada vs estándar) y cáncer de próstata / Pelvic lymph node dissection (extended vs standard) and prostate cancer

El papel y el beneficio potencial de la linfadenectomía en el cáncer de próstata sigue siendo motivo de controversia. Generalmente se acepta que la linfadenectomía en el momento de realizarse la prostatectomía radical es el único procedimiento diagnóstico que nos acerca a un estadiaje anatomopatológico más preciso permitiéndonos un mejor manejo postoperatorio. Sin embargo la extensión de la disección linfática (limitada vs extensa) y los candidatos más adecuados para estos procedimientos sigue siendo motivo de intenso debate. El propósito de este artículo de revisión es una evaluación crítica del papel actual de la disección linfática en el cáncer de próstata (AU)

The role and the potential benefit, if any, of pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostate cancer are still controversially discussed. It is generally accepted that PLND at time of radical prostatectomy is the only reliable diagnostic procedure to achieve as much individual histological staging information as possible to trigger postoperative adjuvant management. However, the extent of pelvic lymph node dissection (limited vs. extended) and the most suitable candidates for this procedure are still a matter of intense debate. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current status on lymph node dissection in prostate cancer (AU)

Adenocarcinoma de próstata gleason clínico 8-10: influencia pronóstica en la supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica / Gleason score 8-10 prostatic adenocarcinoma: prognostic influence in the biochemical progression free survival

Objetivo: Analizar las características del grupo de pacientes con Adenocarcinoma de próstata Gleason clínico 8-10 en nuestra serie tratados mediante prostatectomía radical, e intentar averiguar que factores dentro del grupo influyen en la progresión y supervivencia libre de progresión. Material y Métodos: De una serie de 781 pacientes con Cáncer de Próstata T1-T2, tratados con Prostatectomía Radical entre 1990-2004, estudiamos108 con Gleason clínico 8-10. Mediana de PSA de 12 ng/ml, el 50% era T2.Se han estudiado las variables relacionadas con la progresión bioquímica y la supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica, comparando el grupo Gleason 8-10 con el resto y analizando dentro del grupo Gleason 8-10 las variables relacionadas con la progresión y Supervivencia libre de progresión, buscando un modelo predictivo. Se han utilizado tablas de contingencia y regresión logística. Para el análisis de la supervivencia, Kaplan-Meyer, log-rank y modelos de Cox. Resultados: En el estudio de progresión bioquímica de la totalidad de la serie (781 pacientes). El Gleason clínico 8-10 es un factor influyente en el estudio univariado (OR: 2,61 IC 95%: 1,7-4).En el estudio de supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP) de la totalidad de la serie (781 pacientes) la SLP de los Gleason clínico 8-10 a 3 y 5 años es de 56 ± 5% y 35±7%, significativamente peor que la del resto del grupo (p<0,0001). El estudio Multivariado de los factores influyentes en la SLP incluye el Gleason 8-10 como factor de influencia independiente (OR:2,6 IC 95%: 1,6-4,12) p=0,003, junto al estadio clínico (OR:1,81 IC95%:1,18-2,78) p<0,006, el PSA (OR: 1,03 IC 95%:1,025-1,046) p<0,0001y el lado de afectación de la biopsia (OR:1,5 IC 95%:1,01-2,24) p=0,045.Dentro del Grupo Gleason Clínico 8-10 los factores influyentes en la SLP son: el PSA (OR:1,02 IC 95%:1,003-1,04), y el estadio patológico(OR:3,84 IC 95%: 1,77-8,27). Los pacientes pT2 tienen una supervivencia significativamente mejor que los pT3 a 3 y 5 años (80±6%; 54±13% y40±7%; 27±7%) (p<0,0001). El mejor punto de corte para PSA es 11 ng/ml. Los pacientes con PSA<11ng/ml tienen una supervivencia a 3 y 5 años significativamente mejor que los >11 ng/ml (74±7%, 30±22% y 40±7%,26±7%)(p<0,0001).Conclusión: El gleason clínico 8-10 es un factor negativo de influencia independiente en la supervivencia libre de progresión, pero su pronóstico es mejor si presentan un PSA previo <11ng/ml y si el estadio patológico es pT2 (AU)

Objective: Hereby, we analyze the characteristics of the clinical Gleason 8-10 group of patients with in our series diagnosed of Prostate Cancer and treated by means of radical prostatectomy, and we try to ascertain which are the influence factors within this group up on progression and progression free survival. Material and Methods: From the global series of 781 patients with T1-T2 prostate cancer treated by means of radical prostatectomy between 1990and 2004, we study 108 with a Gleason score on the biopsy of 8-10. Median PSA was 12 ng/ml and 50% were T2.Variables related to biochemical progression and progression free survival have been studied, comparing the group of Gleason 8-10 with the rest and analyzing, within the Gleason 8-10 group which are the related variables with progression and progression free survival, trying to find a predictive model. Contingency tables and logistic regression have been employed. For the survival analysis, Kaplan Meyer curves, log-rank and Cox models. Results: Actual State: 62,7% (490/781) are alive and free of biochemical progression, 24,8% (194/781) are alive with biochemical progression, 2,9%(23/781) are dead by cancer and 1,9% (15/781) are dead by other cause and 7,6% (59/781) are lost. Biochemical progression study of the whole series (781 patients) Clinical Gleason score 8-10 is a influence factor on the univariate study (OR: 2,61 IC95%: 1,7-4).In the progression free survival study (PFS) of the whole series (781 patients) the PFS in Clinical Gleason 8-10 at 3 and 5 years is 56 ± 5% y 35±7%,significantly worse than the rest of the group (p<0,0001). In the multivariate study of the influence factors on the PFS includes Clinical Gleason Score 8-10 as an independent prognostic factor (OR:2,6 IC 95%: 1,6-4,12) p=0,003, together with the clinical stage (OR:1,81 IC95%:1,18-2,78) p<0,006, the PSA(OR: 1,03 IC 95%:1,025-1,046) p<0,0001 and the side of tumor on the biopsy (OR:1,5 IC 95%:1,01-2,24) p=0,045.In the clinical Gleason score 8-10 group the influent factors on the PFS are. PSA (OR:1,02 IC 95%:1,003-1,04) and pathological stage (OR:3,84 IC95%: 1,77-8,27). Patients with a pT2 have a significantly better survival than those pT3 at 3 and 5 years (80±6%; 54±13% y 40±7%; 27±7%) (p<0,0001).The best cut point for the PSA is 11ng/ml. Patients with a PSA<11ng/ml have a 3 and 5 years survival better than those with >11ng/ml PSA (74±7%,30±22% y 40±7%, 26±7%)(p<0,0001).Conclusions: Clinical Gleason Score 8-10 is a negative independent prognostic factor on the progression free survival, but its prognosis is better if they present a PSA prior surgery lower than 11 ng/ml and the pathological stage is a pT2 (AU)

[Extracorporeal circulation and hypothermy surgery in tumors with vena cava extension: 20 years experience at the University Clinic of Navarra]. / Cirugía con circulación extracorpórea e hipotermia en tumores con extensión a vena cava: 20 años de experiencia de la clínica Universitaria de Navarra.

OBJECTIVE: We present our 20 years experience treating patients with vena cava extension in whom an extracorporeal circulation, hypothermia, cardio circulatory arrest (ECC-H-CCA) in order to perform, together with a tumoral resection, a thrombus resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1985 to 2005 a total of 28 retroperitoneal tumor were treated: 25 renal cancers, a Wilms tumor, a paratesticular rabdomiosarcoma, and a pheocromocitoma. All of them had an extension by means of thrombus above the suprahepatics veins. All of them were treated by means of ECC-H-CCA for thrombus extraction. A descriptive study of the serie is performed as well as a Kaplan Meyer survival study. RESULTS: Surgical complications were present within 10 patients (35%), with a surgical mortality of two patients (7%): one intra-operatively because a massive embolism of the lungs and the other because of a lung embolism on the 4th post-operative day. Global actuarial survival was 29.1+/-10% at three years and 17.5+/-8% at five years. Analyzing only who do not have metastatic lesions, nor lymph nodes at diagnosis their three year survival was 50.9+/-16.3% and 32.2+/-16% at five years. Mean while those who have any metastatic lesion at diagnosis their three and five years survival was 20.8+/-12% and 10.4+/-9% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The employ of surgical techniques with ECC-H-CCA with in oncological pathology associated with vena cava thrombus is justified and its employment does not worsen the survival; it is indicated because its results, allowing a complete tumoral resection in a safe and reproducible fashion.

Cirugía con circulación extracorpórea e hipotermia en tumores con extensión a vena cava: 20 años de experiencia de la Clínica Universitaria de Navarra / Extracorporeal circulation and hypothermy surgery in tumors with vena cava extension: 20 years experience at the Univeristy Clinic of Navarra

Objetivo: Presentamos 20 años de experiencia en pacientes con tumores con extensión a vena cava en los que se realizaron circulación extracorpórea, hipotermia, parada cardiaca y exanguino transfusión (CEC-H-PC-E) para que junto con la resección tumoral se resecara el trombo tumoral en su totalidad. Material y Métodos: Entre los años 1985 y 2005 se trataron 28 tumores retroperitoneales: 25 tumores renales, un tumor de Wilms, un rabdomiosarcoma paratesticular y un feocromocitoma. Todos ellos presentaban extensión en forma de trombo en la vena cava por encima de las venas suprahepáticas. A todos se les realizó CEC-H-PC-E para la extracción del trombo tumoral. Se realiza una descripción de la serie así como un análisis de la supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Se presentaron complicaciones quirúrgicas en 10 pacientes (35%), con una mortalidad quirúrgica de dos pacientes (7%): intraoperatoria por embolismo pulmonar masivo en un paciente y al 4º día postquirúrgico por embolismo pulmonar. La supervivencia actuarial global fue de 29,1±10% a tres años y 17,5±8% a cinco años. Analizando por separado aquellos que tienen que no presentan lesiones metastásica ni ganglionares en el diagnóstico su supervivencia fue a tres años del 50,9±16,3% y del 38,2±16% a cinco años. Mientras aquellos que presentan algún tipo de lesión a distancia presentaron una supervivencia a tres y cinco años de 20,8±12% y 10,4±9% respectivamente. Conclusiones: La utilización de técnicas quirúrgicas con CEC-H-PC-E en patologías tumorales que se asocian a trombo en vena cava, esta justificada y su utilización no empeora la supervivencia; está indicada por sus resultados, permitiendo una resección tumoral de una manera segura y reproductible (AU)

Objective: We present our 20 years experience treating patients with vena cava extension in whom an extracorporeal circulation, hypothermia, cardio circulatory arrest (ECC-H-CCA) in order to perform, together with a tumoral resection, a thrombus resection. Material and Methods: From 1985 to 2005 a total of 28 retroperitoneal tumor were treated: 25 renal cancers, a Wilms tumor,a paratesticular rabdomiosarcoma, and a pheocromocitoma. All of them had an extension by means of thrombus above the suprahepatics veins. All of them were treated by means of ECC-H-CCA for thrombus extraction. A descriptive study of the serieis performed as well as a Kaplan Meyer survival study. Results: Surgical complications were present within 10 patients (35%), with a surgical mortality of two patients (7%): one intraoperatively because a massive embolism of the lungs and the other because of a lung embolism on the 4th post-operative day. Global actuarial survival was 29.1±10% at three years and 17,5±8% at five years. Analyzing only who do not have metastaticlesions, nor lymph nodes at diagnosis their three year survival was 50,9±16,3% and 32,2±16% at five years. Mean while those who have any metastatic lesion at diagnosis their three and five years survival was 20,8±12% and 10,4±9% respectively. Conclusions: The employ of surgical techniques with ECC-H-CCA with in oncological pathology associated with vena cava thrombus is justified and its employment does not worsen the survival; it is indicated because its results, allowing a complete tumoral resection in a safe and reproducible fashion (AU)

[Laser and bladder tumors]. / Láser y tumores vesicales.

Bladder cancer is one of the most frequents pathologies in urology. The introduction of the laser among the technical tools supposed a great advance, but the initial results with the first model failed with the expectations. Nevertheless, nowadays we have at our disposal a great variety of laser for urological use, with different functions and applications. We perform a review and try to assess the actual indications for its employment in the treatment of bladder cancer, as well as future applications.

Expresion del receptor de esteroides y xenobioticos (SXR) y del gen de multirresistencia drogas (MDR1) y de los polimorfismos de las enzimas GSTs, SULTs y CYP en tumores vesicales profundos, analisis de su expresion y correlación con otros factores pronósticos / Steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and GSTs, SULTs and CYP polymorphism expression in invasive bladder cancer, analysis of their expression and correlation with other prognostic factors

Introducción: El receptor de esteroides y xenobióticos SXR se ha demostrado su activación por parte de numerosos medicamentos, incluidos potentes inductores del citocromo P450, como la rifampicina y el cotrimazol. La función del SXR es bien conocida, y consiste en regular de manera positiva la trascripción del citocromo P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) y el gen de multirresistencia a drogas (multidrug resistance gene) MDR1, se considera una llave clave en el mecanismo regulador del metabolismo de los xenobióticos encontrándose involucrado en todas las fases de detoxificación Múltiples enzimas involucradas en el metabolismo y la degradación de hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (PAH) son polimórficas en humanos, incluyendo la glutation S-transferasa (GSTs), N-acetiltransferasa (NATs), sulfotransferas (SULTs)1A1 y el citocromo p450 (CYP)1B1. Objetivos: Los objetivos que nos hemos planteado son los siguientes: 1. Analizar la expresión del factor de trascripción SXR y del MDR1 en vejiga mediante RT-PCR en tiempo real, tanto en vejiga tumoral como vejiga normal. 2. Analizar la relación de los factores clínicos y patológicos con la expresión del SXR y del MDR1. 3. Analizar la expresión de los polimorfismos de CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1, y su correlación con distintos factores clínico patológicos y moleculares. Material y Métodos: De manera prospectiva se calculó un tamaño muestral necesario para este estudio. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes de dos instituciones distintas (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (49 HUMS) y Clínica Universitaria de Navarra (18 CUN)), diagnosticados de cáncer vesical infiltrante y tratados mediante cistectomía radical, se le realizó la determinación de la expresión de SXR y MDR1 mediante PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real, así como de los polimorfismos CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1 mediante RFLP (restricción de la longitud del fragmento del polimorfismo). Se correlaciona mediante tablas de contingencia la correlación con el resto de los factores pronósticos. Resultados: La media de seguimiento de los pacientes fue de 23,7 meses, con una mediana de 28,26 meses. De los 67 pacientes estudiados, 31 pacientes (46,3%) presentaron progresión de la enfermedad, bien en forma de recidiva local, metástasis a distancia o ambos, con un tiempo medio a recidiva de 12,4 meses, mediana de 10 meses, con un rango de 1,1 mes a 31,9 meses. 36 pacientes (53,7%) no presentaron evidencia de progresión de la enfermedad. El receptor de esteroides y xenobióticos SXR así como el gen de multirresistenia a drogas (Multidrug resistance gene (MDR1)), se expresan en vejiga normal (0,94ΔCt y 0,94ΔCt) y en vejiga tumoral de la pieza de cistectomía (1,09 ΔCt y 0,45 ΔCt). Hemos analizado su expresión de manera cuantitativa y de manera cualitativa. La expresión de SXR se correlaciona con la presencia de carcinoma in situ (p=0,024), infiltración vasculo-linfática (p=0,05) mientras que MDR1 se correlaciona con la presencia de infiltración vasculo linfática (p=0,05) A su vez ambos la presencia de ambos factores se correlaciona entre ellos (p=0,011) Los polimorfismos: CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 y SULT1A1, se expresan en vejiga pero su expresión no guarda correlación con ningún factor pronóstico Conclusiones: El SXR y el MDR1 se expresan tanto en vejiga normal y tumoral. Y que dicha expresión guarda una correlación con factores pronósticos con influencia en la supervivencia descritas en la literatura

Introduction: Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor (SXR) has demonstrated its activation by numerous drugs, including cytochrome P450 potent inducers like rifampicina or cotrimazol. The role of SXR is well known, and lies regulating in a positive manner cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) transcription and the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), it’s considered a key in the xenobiotic detoxification mechanism, being involved in all phases of the detoxification process. Enzymes involved in Policyclic Aromatic hidrocarbures (PAH) metabolism and degradation are polymorphic in humans, including glutation S-transferases (GSTs), N-acetiltransferases (NATs), sulfotransferases (SULTs)1A1 and cytochrome p450 (CYP)1B1. Objectives: The objectives we’ve planned are: 1. Analyze the expression of the transcription factor SXR and MDR1 in bladder by means of RT-PCR real time, both in normal bladder and in tumoral bladder. 2. Analyze the relation between clinical and pathological factors with the expression of SXR and MDR1. 3. Analyze the expression of the polymorphims CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 and SULT1A1 and their correlation with different clinic-pathological and molecular factors. Material and Methods: In a prospective way the size of the sample was estimated. In 67 patients from two institutions (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (49 HUMS) and Clinica Universitaria de Navarra (18 CUN)), diagnosed of invasive bladder cancer and treated by means of radical cystectomy, were determined the expression of both SXR and MDR1 by means of real time PCR, as well as the polymorphisms CYP1B1, GSTM1 GSTT1 y SULT1A1 by means of RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism). Correlations with other prognostic factors by contingency tables were performed. Results: Average follow up was 23,7 months with a median of 28,26 months. Of the 67 patients studied, 31 patients (46,3) presented disease progression, in form of local recurrence or in distant metastasis or both. With a average time to progression of 12,4 months and a median of 10 months, with a range of 1,1 month to 31,9 month. 36 patients (53,7%) did not have any evidence of disease progression during follow up. The Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor as well as the Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) are expressed in both normal bladder (0,94ΔCt y 0,94ΔCt) and tumoral bladder in the cystectomy specimen(1,09 ΔCt y 0,45 ΔCt). We’ve analyzed their expression in a quantitative manner and in a qualitative manner. The expression of SXR correlates with the presence of ca. in situ (p=0,024), vasculo-lymphatic invasion (p=0,05) mean while MDR1 correlates with presence of vasculo-lymphatic invasion (p=0,05) Both factors are correlate between each others (p=0,011). Polymorphisms: CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and SULT1A1, are expressed in these patients but their expression doesn’t correlates with any prognostic factor Conclusions: Both SXR and MDR1 are expressed in normal bladder as well as in tumoral bladder. And their expression correlates with different prognostic factors with influence in the survival described in the literature

[Polyarthritis secondary to intravesical BCG instillation, a case report]. / Poliartritis secundaria a instilaciones intravesicales de BCG, a propósito de un caso.

Immunotherapy with intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette is the best complementary after TUR treatment against T1 grade 2- 3 and CIS bladder cancer. However, this therapy is associated with several side- effects, incluiding joint symptoms. In this article we describe a case of polyarthritis associated with intravesical instillation, a rare complication. We review the clinical features, the pathogenic mechanisms and treatments described previously in the medical literature. Finally, we expose our brief experience and our final result.

Poliartritis secundaria a instilaciones intravesicales de BCG, a propósito de un caso / Polyarthritis secondary to intravesical BCG instillation, a case report

La inmunoterapia endovesical con BCG es el mejor tratamiento complementario para tumores T1 G2-G3 y TiS. Sin embargo, esta terapia se ha asociado con diversos efectos secundarios, incluidos síntomas articulares. En este artículo, describimos un caso de poliartritis secundaria a instilaciones vesicales, una rara complicación. Realizamos una revisión de las manifestaciones clínicas, mecanismos de producción y tratamientos descritos con anterioridad en la literatura médica. Por último, exponemos nuestra breve experiencia y nuestro resultado final

Immunotherapy with intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette is the best complementary after TUR treatment against T1 grade 2- 3 and CIS bladder cancer. However, this therapy is associated with several side- effects, incluiding joint symptoms. In this article we describe a case of polyarthritis associated with intravesical instillation, a rare complication. We review the clinical features, the pathogenic mechanisms and treatments described previously in the medical literature. Finally, we expose our brief experience and our final result