ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Given that dengue disease is growing and may progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), data on economic cost and disease burden are important. However, data for Mexico are limited. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Burden of dengue fever (DF) and DHF in Mexico was assessed using official databases for epidemiological information, disabilities weights from Shepard et al, the reported number of cases and deaths, and costs. Overall costs of dengue were summed from direct medical costs to the health system, cost of dengue to the patient (out-of-pocket expenses [medical and non-medical], indirect costs [loss of earnings, patient and/or caregiver]), and other government expenditures on prevention/surveillance. The first three components, calculated as costs per case by a micro-costing approach (PAATI; program, actions, activities, tasks, inputs), were scaled up to overall cost using epidemiology data from official databases. PAATI was used to calculate cost of vector control and prevention, education, and epidemiological surveillance, based on an expert consensus and normative construction of an ideal scenario. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for Mexico in 2016 were calculated to be 2283.46 (1.87 per 100,000 inhabitants). Overall economic impact of dengue in Mexico for 2012 was US$144 million, of which US$44 million corresponded to direct medical costs and US$5 million to the costs from the patient's perspective. The estimated cost of prevention/surveillance was calculated with information provided by federal government to be US$95 million. The overall economic impact of DF and DHF showed an increase in 2013 to US$161 million and a decrease to US$133, US$131 and US$130 million in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The medical and economic impact of dengue were in agreement with other international studies, and highlight the need to include governmental expenditure for prevention/surveillance in overall cost analyses given the high economic impact of these, increasing the necessity to evaluate its effectiveness.
Subject(s)
Dengue/economics , Severe Dengue/economics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Caregivers , Child , Child, Preschool , Dengue/epidemiology , Dengue/prevention & control , Disabled Persons , Government Programs , Health Care Costs , Health Expenditures , Humans , Infant , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Severe Dengue/epidemiology , Severe Dengue/prevention & control , Young AdultABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004897.].
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The increasing burden of dengue fever (DF) in the Americas, and the current epidemic in previously unaffected countries, generate major costs for national healthcare systems. There is a need to quantify the average cost per DF case. In Mexico, few data are available on costs, despite DF being endemic in some areas. Extrapolations from studies in other countries may prove unreliable and are complicated by the two main Mexican healthcare systems (the Secretariat of Health [SS] and the Mexican Social Security Institute [IMSS]). The present study aimed to generate specific average DF cost-per-case data for Mexico using a micro-costing approach. METHODS: Expected medical costs associated with an ideal management protocol for DF (denoted ´ideal costs´) were compared with the medical costs of current treatment practice (denoted ´real costs´) in 2012. Real cost data were derived from chart review of DF cases and interviews with patients and key personnel from 64 selected hospitals and ambulatory care units in 16 states for IMSS and SS. In both institutions, ideal and real costs were estimated using the program, actions, activities, tasks, inputs (PAATI) approach, a micro-costing technique developed by us. RESULTS: Clinical pathways were obtained for 1,168 patients following review of 1,293 charts. Ideal and real costs for SS patients were US$165.72 and US$32.60, respectively, in the outpatient setting, and US$587.77 and US$490.93, respectively, in the hospital setting. For IMSS patients, ideal and real costs were US$337.50 and US$92.03, respectively, in the outpatient setting, and US$2,042.54 and US$1,644.69 in the hospital setting. CONCLUSIONS: The markedly higher ideal versus real costs may indicate deficiencies in the actual care of patients with DF. It may be necessary to derive better estimates with micro-costing techniques and compare the ideal protocol with current practice when calculating these costs, as patients do not always receive optimal care.
Subject(s)
Dengue/economics , Health Care Costs , Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care , Female , Hospitals/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , MexicoABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analize the implementation of the Sistema Integral de Calidad en Salud (Sicalidad) program of the Ministry of Health in the 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study follows a cross sectional design, hybrid, with a qualitative and quantitative components. A cluster probabilístic sample was used with two stages. A total of 3 034 interviews were carried out in 13 states to evaluate the implementation of the eight components of the Sicalidad program. General indexes of performance (GIP) were formulated for structure process and satisfaction of users, physicians and nurses with the program. RESULTS: The GIP with the lower score was accreditation of health facilities with a range of scores between 25.4 and 28% in the medical units evaluated; The highest range of scores was in the component of nosocomial infection prevention between 78.3 and 92%. CONCLUSION: In brief the Sicalidad components evaluated suggest problems with both structure and critical process elements in the implementation of the quality initiatives.
Subject(s)
National Health Programs/organization & administration , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Accreditation , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Facility Administration , Health Personnel , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Humans , Infection Control/organization & administration , Interviews as Topic , Mexico , National Health Programs/standards , Patient Safety , Program Evaluation , Qualitative Research , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Objetivo. Analizar la implementación del programa Sistema Integral de Calidad en Salud (Sicalidad) en México, en 2011. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, cualicuantitativo, con una muestra probabilística de conglomerados y dos etapas de selección. Se realizaron 3 034 entrevistas en 13 entidades federativas para evaluar ocho componentes del programa. Se formularon índices generales de desempeño (IGD) para evaluar la implementación en términos de estructura, proceso y satisfacción de los usuarios, médicos y enfermeras con el programa. Resultados. El IGD peor evaluado fue acreditación, con 25.4 y con 28% de unidades evaluadas; el mejor fue prevención y reducción de la infección nosocomial, con IGD de 78.3 y con 92% de implementación. Conclusiones. Los componentes de Sicalidad evaluados evidencian problemas en su implementación relacionados con la estructura y los procesos críticos de los servicios.
Objective. To analize the implementation of the Sistema Integral de Calidad en Salud (Sicalidad) program of the Ministry of Health in the 2011. Materials and methods. The study follows a cross sectional design, hybrid, with a qualitative and quantitative components. A cluster probabilístic sample was used with two stages. A total of 3 034 interviews were carried out in 13 states to evaluate the implementation of the eight components of the Sicalidad program. General indexes of performance (GIP) were formulated for structure process and satisfaction of users, physicians and nurses with the program. Results. The GIP with the lower score was accreditation of health facilities with a range of scores between 25.4 and 28% in the medical units evaluated; The highest range of scores was in the component of nosocomial infection prevention between 78.3 and 92%. Conclusion. In brief the Sicalidad components evaluated suggest problems with both structure and critical process elements in the implementation of the quality initiatives.
Subject(s)
Humans , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Quality Control , Program Evaluation , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Interviews as Topic , Infection Control/organization & administration , Health Personnel , Qualitative Research , Health Facility Administration , Patient Safety , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Accreditation , Mexico , National Health Programs/standardsABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: En México hay una alta proporción de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2)en descontrol, así como problemas en la calidad de la conducta prescriptiva en la atención médica del primer contacto a pesar de las recomendaciones de la normatividad e información basada en la evidencia de las guías clínicas publicadas. OBJETIVOS: Analizar los factores asociados a la correcta prescripción en el tratamiento de laDM2.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con muestra aleatorizada por conglomerados polietápico en 6 hospitales generales de zona y 5 unidades de medicina familiar, donde se aplicó encuesta a paciente y médico para conocer el patrón de descripción; a partir de la información recogida se realizaron regresiones logísticas bivariadas entre la correcta prescripción de glibenclamida por parte del médico y cada uno de los factores para finalmente ajustar modelos de regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: Se evaluó a 267 médicos, de los cuales el 39,62% fueron clasificados como correcta prescripción. Dentro de los principales factores que favorecen la correcta prescripción destacan los relacionados con la experiencia del médico, contar con una especialidad, los años desde la graduación de la especialidad y tener práctica clínica en más de un lugar. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de desarrollar intervenciones educativas en las que se modifiquen los factores identificados para la correcta prescripción
INTRODUCTION: In México, there is a high proportion of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), as well as multiple problems in the quality of prescribing in first contact medical care, despite the recommendations of the regulations, evidence-based guidelines, and international reports. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with good prescribing of treatment for DM2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survey research methods with a random multi-stage cluster sampling. Two surveys were conducted with patients and physicians to assess prescription patterns in hospitals and ambulatory care clinics. A set of bivariate logistic regressions were carried out to assess the association of the prescription patterns with organizational and medical factors, and multiple logistic regression models were finally fitted. RESULTS: A total of 267 physicians were evaluated, of whom 39,62% were classified as prescribing correctly. Among the principal factors associated with correct prescription were, physician experience, to have specialty training, years since graduation from the specialty, and to have a clinical practice in more than one setting. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the need to develop educational interventions to address the factors identified with good patterns of prescription for diabetes in Mexican hospitals and ambulatory clinics
