ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Anticholinergic/sedative drug use, measured by the Drug Burden Index (DBI), is linked to cognitive impairment in older adults. Yet, studies on the DBI's association with neuropsychological functioning are lacking, especially in underserved groups at increased risk of cognitive impairment. We examined cross-sectional relationships between total DBI (DBIT ) and an age-adjusted analogue (Adj DBIT ) with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in diverse adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on results of a prior study, we anticipated higher DBIs would be associated with worse memory at older ages. METHODS: One hundred five adults with T2DM (age = 57 ± 9 years, 65% female, 62% Black, 27% Hispanic/Latino, HbA1c = 7.8 ± 1.8) participated. Although memory outcomes were normally distributed, DBIT values were positively skewed. Spearman correlations assessed their bivariate relationships with RBANS. Adjusting for comorbidities, polypharmacy, HbA1c , and education, we tested the moderating effect of age on DBI-RBANS associations at mean ±1 standard deviations of age. RESULTS: One third of the participants endorsed current sedative/anticholinergic use. Mean DBIT was 0.385, and mean Adj DBIT was 0.393 (ranges = 0.00-4.22). Drug burden negatively correlated with RBANS Immediate Memory (DBIT rs = -0.237, P = .013; Adj DBIT rs = -0.239, P = .014) but no other indices. There was a significant DBI*Age interaction; the negative effect of drug burden on Immediate Memory was significant for ages greater than or equal to 55 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Sedative/anticholinergic drug exposure was prevalent in these diverse T2DM patients. Adjusting for covariates, greater drug burden was associated with worse memory acquisition among older adults only. Prospective studies should examine these relationships over time and assess whether dementia biomarkers affect the interaction.
Subject(s)
Cholinergic Antagonists/administration & dosage , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology , Ethnicity/psychology , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Memory , Racial Groups/psychology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cognitive Dysfunction/chemically induced , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , PolypharmacyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The role of cervical muscle (neck) strength in traumatic brain and spine injury and chronic neck pain disorders is an area of active research. Characterization of the normal ranges of neck strength in healthy young adults is essential to designing future investigations of how strength may act as a modifier for risk and progression in head and neck disorders. OBJECTIVE: To develop a normative reference database of neck strength in a healthy young adult population, and to evaluate the relationship of neck strength to anthropometric measurements. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: An academic medical center research institution. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 157 healthy young adults (18-35 years of age) had their neck strength measured with fixed frame dynamometry (FFD) during 1 visit to establish a normative neck strength database. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Peak and average strength of the neck muscles were measured in extension, forward flexion, and right and left lateral flexion using FFD. The ranges of peak and average neck strength were characterized and correlated with anthropometric characteristics. RESULTS: In all, 157 subjects (84 male, 73 female; average age 27 years) were included in the normative sample. Neck strength ranged from 38 to 383 Newtons in men and from 15 to 223 Newtons in women. Normative data are provided for each gender in all 4 directions. Weight, body mass index, neck circumference, and estimated neck muscle volume were modestly correlated with neck strength in multiple directions (correlation coefficients < .4). In a multivariate regression model, weight in women and neck volume in men were significant predictors of neck strength. CONCLUSIONS: Neck strength in healthy young adults exhibits a broad range, is significantly different in men from that in women, and correlates only modestly with anthropometric characteristics. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable.