Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence and severity in six to nine-year-old Sarajevo children.

AIM: Research aimed to gather aepidemiological parameters of MIH from a sample of Sarajevo children born between the years 1999 and 2003. Prevalence of MIH, distribution according to severity (mild vs. moderate/severe cases) and distribution according to phenotypes (MIH vs MH) were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study design: This was a cross-sectional, observational, aepidemiological study that was conducted on a sample of 446 children aged 6 to 9 years. It was conducted as a part of regular dental screening of children attending a randomly selected primary school in the Bosnian capital city of Sarajevo. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MIH was 11.5%. MIH prevalence varied between 19.9% of examinees born in year 2002 to 8.4% among those born in 2003. Number of teeth affected varied from 1 to 7. The average number of affected teeth was 3.82 ± 1.46. Demarcated opacities were recorded on 13.89%, post-eruptive enamel breakdown on 11.28% and atypical filling on 6.2% index teeth. Mild cases of MIH were rare in our sample, 18% of subject had only demarcated opacities present. A smaller percentage of examinees (35.3%) had hypomineralisation present only on first permanent molars (MH group). Out of 64.7% of subjects in MIH group, 37.25% had one incisor affected and 21.57% had two incisors affected. CONCLUSION: Over 80% of study subjects with MIH were categorised as moderate/severe case of MIH and they represent a major problem with regards to dental treatment. It is necessary to plan a multi-disciplinary approach for dental care of this population. It is necessary to educate primary care dentists to recognise this condition and provide recommended treatment to patients with mild clinical picture, while directing those with more severe problems to specialised doctors.

Carabelli's trait in Croatian populations over 1800 years.

Examination and comparison of the morphological features of tooth crown in archaeological and recent samples can be difficult due to the different levels of tooth wear seen both within and between populations. These differences make the comparison of frequency data for Carabelli trait problematic. The aim of the present study is to detect the frequency and degree of expression of Carabelli's trait in Croatian populations from late antiquity to recent times and to use these data as supplementary evidence of complex population migration. A total of 1287 individuals from the late antiquity, medieval, early modern and modern periods were examined. Correlation between the presence of Carabelli's trait and tooth crown size was tested. The results of our analyses show that the frequency of Carabelli's trait is significantly greater in the early modern period (51.3%) and in the 21st century (43.1%) than in the late antiquity (20.4%) and medieval periods (23.4%). These results are consistent with historical evidence of migration and population change in the territory of present-day Croatia throughout the almost 1800 years covered by this study. The results also provide additional evidence for the complex nature of population change in the transition from the late antiquity to the early medieval period.

Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation impact on developmental defects of enamel prevalence in a low fluoridated area.

AIM: This was to study the impact of molar-incisor-hypomineralisations on developmental defects of enamel (DDE) prevalence. Additionally, to present the prevalence of DDE and molar-incisor-hypomineralisations (MIH) in 12-year old children in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) who live in an area with low natural fluoride content in the drinking water (less than 0.1 ppm). METHODS: As a part of the oral health study of 12-year-olds, information about DDE and MIH were collected from a random sample of 560 children. To study the impact of MIH on DDE, a secondary database was developed to determine if and to what extent did MIH affect epidemiological parameters of DDE. The analyses focused on differences in DDE values between the main sample and sub-sample of participants in which those diagnosed with both MIH and DDE were excluded. Research results were analysed using percentages, arithmetic mean value, standard deviation and linear regression. RESULTS: In the main sample MIH prevalence was 12.3%. The DDE prevalence was 32.8% with the highest frequency being demarcated opacities. DDE prevalence, calculated without MIH examinees, was 21.4%. A strong positive correlation was found between MIH and DDE prevalence in different geographic locations (r=0.9, p=0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation prevalence has a strong positive correlation with prevalence of developmental defects of enamel. Prevalence of DDE after excluding MIH examinees fell from 32.8% to 21.4%, which was a noticeable difference. Separate registration of these two conditions should be considered.

Relationships between socioeconomic backgrounds, caries associated microflora and caries experience in 12-year-olds in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2004.

AIM: To present the prevalence of dental caries in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), to estimate the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and compare them with caries prevalence in 12-years-old children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A survey was carried out in 8 cantons of the Federation of BH (FBH) and in Republic Srpska (RS) in 2004. The final sample included 560 12-year-olds. The clinical examinations focused on dental status, expressed as DMFT index, and they were carried out by one examiner, following WHO standard methodologies. Additionally, the study involved 109 12-years old children from Sarajevo, divided in three groups, based on their socioeconomic background. For measuring lactobacillus and mutans streptococci (MS) count in saliva Dentocult LB and Dentocult SM-Strip Mutans were used. Levels of MS and lactobacilli were expressed as a score between 0 and 3, indicating very low to very high levels of SM and lactobacilli. RESULTS: The average DMFT of the 12-year-olds was 4.16+/-2.92. On average, 91% of the 12-year-olds were affected with dental caries. The SiC Index was 7.41+/-3.31. Investigating the relationship between caries associated microflora and caries experience in children of different socioeconomic status showed the following: significant difference in caries prevalence was found in children with different living conditions, where children with high socioeconomic status had better oral health compared to the other two groups. For mutans streptococci, 25.7% of the children had mutans class 0, 24.8% class 1, 34.9% class 2 and 14.6% class 3. The mean DMFT for mutans class 0 was 3.50, for class 1 was 4.30, for class 2 was 5.62 and for class 3 was 6.0. For lactobacilli, 38.5% of the children had lactobacilli class 0, 25.7% class 1, 23.9% class 2 and 11.9% class 3. The mean DMFT for lactobacilli class 0 was 4.3, for class 1 was 4.9, for class 2 was 4.8 and for class 3 was 6.0. No significant differences in the level of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were found between the groups. CONCLUSION: There is moderate caries prevalence among BH 12-year-olds (DMFT 4.16+/-2.92). Caries experience varies between children with different living condition but no relation between levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and socioeconomic status of children could be found.