ABSTRACT
We have postulated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) drives the later, more lethal stages of some cancers when chronically activated by endogenous ligands. However, other studies have suggested that, under some circumstances, the AHR can oppose tumor aggression. Resolving this apparent contradiction is critical to the design of AHR-targeted cancer therapeutics. Molecular (siRNA, shRNA, AHR repressor, CRISPR-Cas9) and pharmacological (AHR inhibitors) approaches were used to confirm the hypothesis that AHR inhibition reduces human cancer cell invasion (irregular colony growth in 3D Matrigel cultures and Boyden chambers), migration (scratch wound assay) and metastasis (human cancer cell xenografts in zebrafish). Furthermore, these assays were used for a head-to-head comparison between AHR antagonists and agonists. AHR inhibition or knockdown/knockout consistently reduced human ER−/PR−/Her2− and inflammatory breast cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. This was associated with a decrease in invasion-associated genes (e.g., Fibronectin, VCAM1, Thrombospondin, MMP1) and an increase in CDH1/E-cadherin, previously associated with decreased tumor aggression. Paradoxically, AHR agonists (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and/or 3,3′-diindolylmethane) similarly inhibited irregular colony formation in Matrigel and blocked metastasis in vivo but accelerated migration. These data demonstrate the complexity of modulating AHR activity in cancer while suggesting that AHR inhibitors, and, under some circumstances, AHR agonists, may be useful as cancer therapeutics.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Gene Silencing , Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics , Neoplasms/genetics , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics , Animals , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Female , Humans , Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology , Neoplasm Invasiveness/prevention & control , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/pathology , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/antagonists & inhibitors , ZebrafishABSTRACT
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) stand to revolutionize the way we study human development, model disease, and eventually, treat patients. However, these cell sources produce progeny that retain embryonic and/or fetal characteristics. The failure to mature to definitive, adult-type cells is a major barrier for iPSC-based disease modeling and drug discovery. To directly address these concerns, we have developed a chemically defined, serum and feeder-free-directed differentiation platform to generate hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs) and resultant adult-type progeny from iPSCs. This system allows for strict control of signaling pathways over time through growth factor and/or small molecule modulation. Through direct comparison with our previously described protocol for the production of primitive wave hematopoietic cells, we demonstrate that induced HSPCs are enhanced for erythroid and myeloid colony forming potential, and strikingly, resultant erythroid-lineage cells display enhanced expression of adult ß globin indicating definitive pathway patterning. Using this system, we demonstrate the stage-specific roles of two key signaling pathways, Notch and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), in the derivation of definitive hematopoietic cells. We illustrate the stage-specific necessity of Notch signaling in the emergence of hematopoietic progenitors and downstream definitive, adult-type erythroblasts. We also show that genetic or small molecule inhibition of the AHR results in the increased production of CD34+ CD45+ HSPCs while conversely, activation of the same receptor results in a block of hematopoietic cell emergence. Results presented here should have broad implications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and future clinical translation of iPSC-derived blood cells. Stem Cells 2018;36:1004-1019.
