COVID-19 and Health System Response for Management of Diabetes in Bangladesh: A national qualitative study of patients with diabetes and key healthcare professionals/policy makers

Background: Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to exacerbation of symptoms and life-threatening complications. Consequently, there is a need to explore patient experience regarding the prevention and treatment of diabetic patients amidst the restrictions and lockdown measures in response to COVID-19. The objective of this study was to assess the response of the healthcare system for preventive care and treatment of people with diabetes in Bangladesh during COVID-19, and to analyze the health-seeking behavior of diabetes patients amidst social distancing and lockdown measures Method: A descriptive qualitative design was used to collect data regarding the ability of people living with diabetes to access medication, laboratory services, and preventative care during the pandemic. The data collection process involved 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) with people living with diabetes, and 30 key informant interviews (KIIs) with senior diabetologist, health service managers, leaders of different diabetes-related associations, and policymakers from the local to the national level. The discussion issues were structured around the WHO framework that describes health systems in terms of six building blocks. In addition, different treatment guidelines, scientific articles, relevant reports, and 20 well-circulated newspapers were analyzed concerning the treatment of diabetic patients. Results: 44% of the respondents were aged 55-60 years, with an informed noticeable disruption of essential diabetes care services, intensified by high COVID-19 infection rates. Besides, 78% of the service receiver participants reported not seeing any government-issued public announcements regarding diabetes management on television or newspapers. There are also concerns with the current heath sector. Conclusions: The study findings highlighted major concerns surrounding the healthcare response to deliver care for patients with diabetes during the pandemic, driven mainly by restricted access to treatment under lockdown measures coupled with a reluctance from health care providers to see patients due to high COVID-19 infection rates arising from concerns with a lack of personal protective equipment. Necessary measures can gradually bring some change in the healthcare system promote healthy lifestyles and adherence to prescribed medicines together with raising awareness about the potential risk factors of diabetes.

COVID-19, Type-2 Diabetes, and Associated Health Outcomes in China: Results from a Nationwide Survey of 10,545 Adults

ObjectiveThis study examined the associations between type-2 diabetes (T2DM) and self-reported/familial COVID-19 infection and investigated health-related outcomes among those with diabetes during Chinas nationwide quarantine. MethodsThe 2020 China COVID-19 Survey was administered anonymously via social media (WeChat) across China. It was completed by 10,545 adults in all of mainland Chinas 31 provinces. The survey consisted of 74 items covering sociodemographic characteristics, preventive measures for COVID-19, lifestyle behaviors, and health-related outcomes during the period of quarantine. Regression models examined associations among study variables, adjusting for covariates. ResultsDiabetes was associated with a six-fold increased risk of reporting COVID-19 infection among respondents or their family members. Among patients with diabetes, individuals who rarely wore masks had double the risk of suspected COVID-19 infection compared with those who always wore masks, with an inverse J-shaped relationship between face mask wearing and suspected COVID-19 infection. People with T2DM tended to have both poor knowledge of COVID-19 and poor compliance with preventive measures, despite perceiving a high risk of personal infection (40.0% among respondents reporting T2DM and 8.0% without T2DM). Only 54-55% of these respondents claimed to consistently practice preventive measures, including wearing face masks. Almost 60% of those with T2DM experienced food or medication shortages during the quarantine period, which was much higher than those without T2DM. Importantly, respondents who experienced medication shortages reported a 63% higher COVID-19 infection rate. ConclusionsT2DM was associated with an increased risk of self-reported personal and family member COVID-19 infection, which is mitigated by consistent use of face masks. FundingThe project is supported in part by research grants from the China Medical Board (Grant number: 16-262), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Number: 2017YFC0907200 & 2017YFC0907201), the University Alliance of the Silk Road (Grant number: 2020LMZX002), and Xian Jiaotong University Global Health Institute. Research in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become increasingly clear that the risk factors for initial infection and subsequent poor health outcomes include, but are not limited to, social vulnerability, economic status, older age, and obesity. While community-wide masking has been recommended by the World Health Organization to control COVID-19, its overall effectiveness has not been clearly evaluated. Added value of this studyThrough an anonymous survey disseminated and promoted through WeChat, the largest social media platform in China, we sought to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the health, wellbeing, and health-related behaviors of adults in China. Specifically, this study examined how individuals with chronic diseases managed the threat, including their COVID-19 related knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to preventive measures such as wearing face masks, and their disease-related self-care. Implications of the available evidenceThis study demonstrates that type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, which is mitigated by consistent use of face masks.

Gender and trust in government modify the association between mental health and stringency of social distancing related public health measures to reduce COVID-19: a global online survey

ObjectivesTo investigate the associations between stringency of COVID-19 social distancing policies and mental health outcomes, and the moderating effect of trust in government and gender. Design and settingCross sectional study involving secondary analysis of publicly available data from a global online COVID-19 survey and the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Participants106,497 participants from 58 countries. Main outcome measuresOutcomes were a worries index and a depression index. Predictors were stringency of policies, trust in government, and gender. Multivariable regression was conducted to determine the three-way interaction between the predictor variables for mental health outcomes, adjusting for age, income and education. ResultsThe median age of participants (56.4% women) was 37 years (interquartile range 29 to 48 years). Women had higher worries and depression scores than men. 45.4% distrusted the government and 43.8% trusted the government to take care of its citizens. Among those who strongly trusted the government, an increase in the stringency of policies was associated with a significant increase in the worries index. Among men who distrusted the government, an increase in policy stringency was associated with an increase in the depression index but not the worries index. In women that strongly distrusted the government, there was an inversed U-shaped association between policy stringency and both the worries and depression indices. ConclusionAs the stringency of public health measures increases, so too do depression and worries. The association is moderated by gender and trust in government. For safe and effective public health measures, governments should develop strategies to increase trust in their actions.

Correction to: Increase in the prevalence of hypertension among adults exposed to the great Chinese famine during early life

The 'Conclusion' section in the Abstract was published incorrectly in the original publication of the article [1] and is corrected with this erratum as below: "Fetal exposure to the Chinese famine may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension in adulthood in women."

Evidence that the prevalence of childhood overweight is plateauing: data from nine countries.

Until quite recently, there has been a widespread belief in the popular media and scientific literature that the prevalence of childhood obesity is rapidly increasing. However, high quality evidence has emerged from several countries suggesting that the rise in the prevalence has slowed appreciably, or even plateaued. This review brings together such data from nine countries (Australia, China, England, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland and USA), with data from 467,294 children aged 2-19 years. The mean unweighted rate of change in prevalence of overweight and obesity was +0.00 (0.49)% per year across all age ×sex groups and all countries between 1995 and 2008. For overweight alone, the figure was +0.01 (0.56)%, and for obesity alone -0.01 (0.24)%. Rates of change differed by sex, age, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. While the prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be stabilizing at different levels in different countries, it remains high, and a significant public health issue. Possible reasons for the apparent flattening are hypothesised.

STUDY ON TRANSITION OF DIETARY PATTERN IN JIANGSU PROVINCE / 营养学报

24) among male adults increased by years:9.4% in 1989,28.6% in 2000,and 34.1% in 2004。In 1989 the prevalence of hypertension was only 7.8% in men and 4.8% in women,while it reached 26.5% and 20.1% respectively in 2004. Conclusion:In the period of dietary transition,people in Jiangsu experienced the inadequate intake of some nutrients and high intake of fat. Overweight,obesity and hypertension are prevalent as results of this transition,so implementation of nutrition intervention is needed.