Niveles de actividad física y su relación con el nivel socioeconómico en adultos de la comuna La Florida

RESUMEN Fundamento: las medidas de aislamiento inducidas por la pandemia de la COVID-19 provocaron una disminución de los niveles de actividad física y un aumento del sedentarismo. Estas condiciones generaron un aumento de la prevalencia de trastornos derivados de estas conductas sedentarias. Aún se desconoce qué factores se ven involucrados en esta disminución de los niveles de actividad física. Objetivo: verificar si existe relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y los niveles de actividad física en adultos pertenecientes a la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Método: participaron 130 personas que respondieron el cuestionario que mide los niveles de actividad física a través de los equivalentes metabólicos y que contestaron sobre la escala personal que mide el bienestar subjetivo, finalmente se consultó sobre cuál era su nivel socioeconómico durante este periodo. Resultados: se determinó que existieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en relación a la cantidad de actividad física realizada por las personas que viven en casas versus departamentos y diferencias según el nivel socioeconómico. Se obtuvo una diferencia entre los grupos media-baja y baja; media-baja y media-alta; media y baja; media y alta; baja y media-alta; baja y alta; media-alta y alta. Respecto a la relación existente entre el nivel de bienestar y la realización de actividad física, esta no tuvo un índice relevante (0,09). Conclusiones: las diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tipo de vivienda y el nivel de actividad física entre los sujetos indica que podría incidir en que el espacio intradomiciliario, es un factor influyente a la hora de poder realizar algún tipo de actividad física. Se debe considerar una variable relevante al momento de planificar acciones preventivas.

ABSTRACT Background: the isolation measures induced by the COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in sedentary lifestyle and a decrease in physical activity levels. These conditions generated an increase in the prevalence of disorders derived from these sedentary behaviors. It is still unknown what factors are involved in this decrease in physical activity levels. Objective: to verify if there is a relationship between the socioeconomic level and the levels of physical activity in adults belonging to the Chile Metropolitan Region. Method: 130 people participated who answered the questionnaire that measures the levels of physical activity through the metabolic equivalents and who answered on the personal scale that measures subjective well-being and finally, they were asked about their socioeconomic level during this period. Results: it was determined that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in relation to the amount of physical activity in people living in houses versus apartments and differences according to socioeconomic level. It was obtained a difference between the medium-low and low groups; medium-low and medium-high; medium and low; medium and high; low and medium-high; low and high; medium-high and high. Regarding the relationship between the level of well-being and the performance of physical activity, this did not have a relevant index (0.09). Conclusions: the statistically significant differences in the type of housing and the level of physical activity between the subjects indicate that it could influence that the intradomiciliary space is an influential factor when it comes to being able to carry out some type of physical activity. A relevant variable should be considered when planning preventive actions.

Updating the bionomy and geographical distribution of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis F: A vector of malaria parasites in northern South America.

Anopheles albitarsis F is a putative species belonging to the Albitarsis Complex, recognized by rDNA, mtDNA, partial white gene, and microsatellites sequences. It has been reported from the island of Trinidad, Venezuela and Colombia, and incriminated as a vector of malaria parasites in the latter. This study examined mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) sequences of An. albitarsis F from malaria-endemic areas in Colombia and Venezuela to understand its relations with other members of the Complex, revised and update the geographical distribution and bionomics of An. albitarsis F and explore hypotheses to explain its phylogenetic relationships and geographical expansion. Forty-five MT-CO1 sequences obtained in this study were analyzed to estimate genetic diversity and possible evolutionary relationships. Sequences generated 37 haplotypes clustered in a group where the genetic divergence of Venezuelan populations did not exceed 1.6% with respect to Colombian samples. Anopheles albitarsis F (π = 0.013) represented the most recent cluster located closer to An. albitarsis I (π = 0.009). Barcode gap was detected according to Albitarsis Complex lineages previously reported (threshold 0.014-0.021). Anopheles albitarsis F has a wide distribution in northern South America and might play an important role in the transmission dynamics of malaria due to its high expansion capacity. Future studies are required to establish the southern distribution of An. albitarsis F in Venezuela, and its occurrence in Guyana and Ecuador.

Tellurite Promotes Stress Granules and Nuclear SG-Like Assembly in Response to Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage.

Tellurium oxyanion, tellurite (TeO 3 -2), is a highly toxic compound for many organisms. Its presence in the environment has increased over the past years due to industrial manufacturing processes and has been associated with adverse effects on human health. Although tellurite induces the phosphorylation of eIF2α, DNA damage and oxidative stress, the molecular mechanisms related to the cellular responses to tellurite-induced stress are poorly understood. In this work, we evaluated the ability of tellurite to induce phosphorylation of eIF2α, stress granules (SGs) assembly and their relationship with DNA damage in U2OS cells. We demonstrate that tellurite promotes the assembly of bona fide cytoplasmic SGs. Unexpectedly, tellurite also induces the assembly of nuclear SGs. Interestingly, we observed that the presence of tellurite-induced nuclear SGs correlates with γH2AX foci. However, although H2O2 also induce DNA damage, no nuclear SGs were observed. Our data show that tellurite promotes the assembly of cytoplasmic and nuclear SGs in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage, revealing a new aspect of cellular stress response mediated by the assembly of nuclear stress granules.

Una visión compleja sobre la etiología de las enfermedades / A complex perspective on the etiology of diseases

Resumen A pesar de que el objetivo de las investigaciones en ciencias médicas es alcanzar un mayor conocimiento de cómo el cuerpo y su funcionamiento se relacionan con los patrones disfuncionales y cómo estos generan patologías, la mayoría de los esfuerzos se centran en preguntas usando datos cada vez más detallados. Sin embargo, podría ser posible abordar con éxito a los usuarios mediante una mirada más amplia de mecanismos corporales desde una perspectiva global y pensando en cómo las disfunciones o patologías pueden influir desencadenando otros problemas. El cuerpo se puede entender como un sistema o una red compleja en la que los patrones disfuncionales surgen de la interacción entre múltiples niveles físicos y funcionales. El logro de un mayor progreso con los usuarios dependerá, en lo fundamental, de las propiedades y relaciones de las patologías, disfunciones y herramientas que están disponibles o se deban desarrollar con el fin de estudiar los mecanismos de patología-disfunción.

Abstract Although the goal of medical research is to understand better how the body and its functioning relate to dysfunctional patterns and how they generate pathologies, most current efforts focus on small questions using increasingly detailed data. However, it might be possible to successfully approach patients by taking a broader look at body mechanisms, from a global perspective, and thinking about how dysfunctions or pathologies can trigger other problems. The body can be understood as a complex system or network in which dysfunctional patterns arise from the interaction between multiple physical and functional levels. Achieving greater progress with patients will depend, fundamentally, on the properties and relationships of pathologies, dysfunctions and tools that are available or should be developed in order to study pathology-dysfunction mechanisms.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among malaria patients of Honduras: a descriptive study of archival blood samples.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of deficient variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDd) is particularly high in areas where malaria is endemic. The administration of antirelapse drugs, such as primaquine, has the potential to trigger an oxidative event in G6PD-deficient individuals. According to Honduras´ national scheme, malaria treatment requires the administration of chloroquine and primaquine for both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections. The present study aimed at investigating for the first time in Honduras the frequency of the two most common G6PDd variants. METHODS: This was a descriptive study utilizing 398 archival DNA samples of patients that had been diagnosed with malaria due to P. vivax, P. falciparum, or both. The most common allelic variants of G6PD: G6PD A+(376G) and G6PD A-(376G/202A) were assessed by two molecular methods (PCR-RFLP and a commercial kit). RESULTS: The overall frequency of G6PD deficient genotypes was 16.08%. The frequency of the "African" genotype A- (Class III) was 11.9% (4.1% A- hemizygous males; 1.5% homozygous A- females; and 6.3% heterozygous A- females). A high frequency of G6PDd alleles was observed in samples from malaria patients residing in endemic regions of Northern Honduras. One case of Santamaria mutation (376G/542T) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to other studies in the Americas, as well as to data from predictive models, the present study identified a higher-than expected frequency of genotype A- in Honduras. Considering that the national standard of malaria treatment in the country includes primaquine, further research is necessary to ascertain the risk of PQ-triggered haemolytic reactions in sectors of the population more likely to carry G6PD mutations. Additionally, consideration should be given to utilizing point of care technologies to detect this genetic disorder prior administration of 8-aminoquinoline drugs, either primaquine or any new drug available in the near future.

Clinical depressive symptoms and diabetes in a binational border population.

BACKGROUND: Depression affects more Hispanics with type 2 diabetes than other ethnic groups. This exploratory, binational study examined the prevalence and correlates of clinical depressive symptoms in Hispanics of Mexican origin with type 2 diabetes living on both sides of the Texas Mexico border. METHODS: Two binational samples, consisting of 172 adult patients of Mexican origin with type 2 diabetes in South Texas and 200 from the Northeastern region of Mexico, were compared. Logistic regression analyses were used to test personal and social correlates to clinical depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The rate of clinical depressive symptoms was similar in both South Texas and Northeastern Mexico patients (39% and 40.5%, respectively). Gender, education, emergency department visits, and burden of diabetes symptoms were predictors of clinical depressive symptoms in the South Texas sample. Among respondents in the Northeastern Mexico sample, the only statistically significant correlate to clinical depressive symptoms was the burden of diabetes symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes and depression must be addressed as priorities in diabetes initiatives at the US Mexico border region. Further research is warranted to examine the extent and impact of involving family practice physicians from both sides of the border in depression screenings among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Health-related quality of life in a binational population with diabetes at the Texas-Mexico border.

OBJECTIVES: To examine physical and mental health domains of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a binational adult population with type 2 diabetes at the Texas-Mexico border, and to explore individual and social correlates to physical and mental health status. METHODS: Adults 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes residing in the South Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley and in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, were recruited using a convenience sampling technique and interviewed face-to-face with a structured survey. HRQL was measured using physical and mental health summary components of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form. HRQL correlates included demographic characteristics, health factors, access to healthcare, and family support. Samples characteristics were compared using the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Associations between dependent and independent variables were examined using unadjusted and adjusted (multiple variable) logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between Valley and Reynosa respondents in physical or mental health status scores. Valley participants with lower socioeconomic status and those perceiving their supportive relative's level of diabetes-related knowledge as "low" were more likely to report worse physical health than those lacking those characteristics. In the Reynosa group, lower physical health status was associated with duration of diabetes and insulin use. Both sample populations with clinical depressive symptoms were more likely to have worse physical and mental health than those without such symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: HRQL is an important outcome in monitoring health status. Understanding the levels and influences of HRQL in U.S.-Mexico border residents with diabetes may help improve diabetes management programs.

Health-related quality of life in a binational population with diabetes at the Texas-Mexico border / La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en una población diabética binacional de la frontera Texas-México

OBJECTIVES: To examine physical and mental health domains of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a binational adult population with type 2 diabetes at the Texas-Mexico border, and to explore individual and social correlates to physical and mental health status. METHODS: Adults 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes residing in the South Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley and in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, were recruited using a convenience sampling technique and interviewed face-to-face with a structured survey. HRQL was measured using physical and mental health summary components of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form. HRQL correlates included demographic characteristics, health factors, access to healthcare, and family support. Samples characteristics were compared using the Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Associations between dependent and independent variables were examined using unadjusted and adjusted (multiple variable) logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between Valley and Reynosa respondents in physical or mental health status scores. Valley participants with lower socioeconomic status and those perceiving their supportive relative’s level of diabetes-related knowledge as "low" were more likely to report worse physical health than those lacking those characteristics. In the Reynosa group, lower physical health status was associated with duration of diabetes and insulin use. Both sample populations with clinical depressive symptoms were more likely to have worse physical and mental health than those without such symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: HRQL is an important outcome in monitoring health status. Understanding the levels and influences of HRQL in U.S.-Mexico border residents with diabetes may help improve diabetes management programs.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar los dominios de salud física y mental de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en una población binacional de adultos con diabetes tipo 2 en la frontera Texas-México y explorar los factores individuales y sociales relacionados con el estado de la salud física y mental. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un muestreo de conveniencia de personas de 18 años de edad o más con diabetes tipo 2 que vivían en Lower Rio Grande Valley, al sur de Texas, y en Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, y se les realizó una entrevista estructurada presencial. La CVRS se midió mediante los componentes abreviados de salud física y mental del MOS-SF8 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 8). Entre los factores relacionados con la CVRS estaban las características demográficas, los factores de salud, el acceso a la atención sanitaria y el apoyo familiar. Se compararon las características de las muestras mediante la prueba de la t de Student o la prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney. Las asociaciones entre las variables independientes y la dependiente se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión logística múltiple, ajustados y sin ajustar. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los entrevistados de Valley y de Reynosa en cuanto a la puntuación del estado de salud física y mental. Los participantes de Valley con menor estatus socioeconómico y los que consideraban que los parientes que los apoyaban tenían un "bajo" nivel de conocimiento sobre la diabetes presentaron una mayor probabilidad de informar un peor estado de salud física que los que no tenían esas características. En el grupo de Reynosa, el peor estado de salud física se asoció con la duración de la diabetes y el uso de insulina. En ambos grupos, las personas con síntomas clínicos de depresión tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de informar una peor salud física y mental que los que no presentaban esos síntomas. CONCLUSIONES: La CVRS es un importante criterio en el análisis del estado de salud. La comprensión de los niveles de CVRS de los diabéticos que viven en la frontera entre los EE.UU. y México y de los factores que influyen en su CVRS puede contribuir a mejorar los programas de control de la diabetes.

Sintomatología depresiva y calidad de vida en pacientes mujeres con cáncer de mama / Depressive symptoms and quality of life in breast cancer women

Introducción: Las pacientes con cáncer de mama tienden a desarrollar algún tipo de trastorno psiquiátrico, principalmente depresión. Una manera de evaluar cómo las pacientes conllevan su enfermedad es a través de la calidad de vida. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva y calidad de vida y sus asociaciones con el tiempo desde el diagnóstico y el estado menopáusico. Diseño: Estudio analítico, observacional y transversal. Lugar: Servicio de Oncología del Hospital Arzobispo Loayza. Participantes: Mujeres con diagnóstico clínico e histológico de cáncer de mama que acudieron para tratamiento con quimioterapia. Intervenciones: Se utilizó el inventario de depresión de Beck, la escala de calidad de vida de Mezzich y Cohen y un cuestionario demográfico. El análisis fue realizado con la prueba exacta de Fisher, t de student y regresión lineal. Principales medidas de resultados: Sintomatología depresiva, calidad de vida. Resultados: Se encuestó 24 pacientes, encontrándose una prevalencia de 38 por ciento de sintomatología depresiva y 38 por ciento de baja calidad de vida. No se halló asociación significativa de sintomatología depresiva y nivel de calidad de vida con alguno de los factores asociados, excepto en la relación de este último con el grado de instrucción de la paciente, con un OR de 11,2 (p= 0,047, IC 95 por ciento 0,99 a 125,6). Conclusiones: Se encontró una prevalencia de 38 por ciento de sintomatología depresiva y 38 por ciento de baja calidad de vida. El tiempo desde el diagnóstico y estado menopáusico no tuvieron una asociación significativa con la sintomatología depresiva y la calidad de vida. El único factor asociado significativamente con la calidad de vida fue el grado de instrucción.

Background: Breast cancer women have a tendency to develop psychiatric symptomatology, mainly depressive. A way to evaluate how the patient entails her disease is by quality of life. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and quality of life and their associations with time since diagnosis and the menopausal status. Design: Analytical, observational and transversal study. Setting: Arzobispo Loayza Hospital Oncology Service. Participants: Women with clinical and histological diagnosis of breast cancer and seeking chemotherapy. Interventions: The Beck depression inventory, the Mezzich and Cohen quality of life scale and a demographic questionnaire were used. The Fisher test, studentÆs T-test and lineal regression analysis were used. Main outcome measures: Depression symptoms, quality of life. Results: In 24 women studied the prevalence of depressive symptoms and low level of quality of life was 38 per cent. We did not find a significant association between depressive symptoms and quality of life, except with education level, OR 11,2 (p= 0,047, 95 per cent CI 0,99 to 125,6). Conclusions: We found a prevalence of 38 per cent of both depressive symptoms and low level of quality of life. Time from diagnosis and menopausal status did not have a significant association with both depressive symptoms and quality of life. The only factor significantly associated to quality of life was patientÆs education level.

[Severe right ventricular hypertension secondary to metastatic obstruction due to hepatocarcinoma]. / Hipertensión ventricular derecha severa secundaria a obstrucción metastásica por hepatocarcinoma.

Right ventricular hypertension (RVH) is an entity that could be expected in various cardiopulmonary diseases. Mechanical obstruction to the right ventricle outflow tract is a cause of RVH. We present the case of a 69 year-old male with a history of hepatocarcinoma previously treated. The developed RVH due to mechanical obstruction secondary to metastatic infiltration of the right ventricle. The clinical syndrome was characterized by systemic venous hypertension. Non-invasive studies, such as electrocardiogram and computed tomography scan limited the metastasis to the right ventricle; the diagnosis was confirmed by cardio-angiography and endocardial biopsy. The studies did not demonstrate neoplastic activity at any other level.

Hipertensión ventricular derecha severa secundaria a obstrucción metastásica por hepatocarcinoma / Severe right ventricular hypertension secondary to metastatic obstruction due to hepatocarcinoma

La hipertensión ventricular derecha es una entidad esperada en enfermedades cardiopulmonares. La obstrucción mecánica del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho es una de ellas. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 69 años de edad con historia de hepatocarcinoma previamente tratado, quien presentó hipertensión ventricular derecha por obstrucción metastásica única al ventrículo derecho. El comportamiento clínico es de un síndrome de hipertensión venosa sistémica. Los estudios no invasivos, como el ecocardiograma y la tomografía axial computarizada la delimitaron. No se demostró actividad neoplásica o metástasis en otros órganos. La neoformación intra-ventricular derecha fue corroborada mediante cardio-angiografía y la biopsia tumoral confirmó el diagnóstico.

Right ventricular hypertension (RVH) is an entity that could be expected in various cardiopulmonary diseases. Mechanical obstruction to the right ventricle outflow tract is a cause of RVH. We present the case of a 69 year-old male with a history of hepatocarcinoma previously treated. The developed RVH due to mechanical obstruction secondary to metastatic infiltration of the right ventricle. The clinical syndrome was characterized by systemic venous hypertension. Non-invasive studies, such as electrocardiogram and computed tomography scan limited the metastasis to the right ventricle; the diagnosis was confirmed by cardio-angiography and endocardial biopsy. The studies did not demonstrate neoplastic activity at any other level. (Arch Cardiol Mex 2005; 75: 170-177).

Evaluación de estado de salud con la encuesta SF-36: resultados preliminares en México / Health status evaluation with the SF-36 survery: Preliminary results in Mexico

Objetivo. Establecer, con la Encuesta SF-36, un perfil multidimensional del estado de salud de una población del sureste de México y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una traducción de la Encuesta SF-36 autorizada por el Proyecto Internacional de Evaluación de la Calidad de Vida. Material y métodos. La SF-36 se aplicó a 257 participantes voluntarios de una clínica médica y a un grupo control de una institución pública gubernamental. Se utilizó, sin modificar, la metodología de construcción de las escalas de salud propuestas por los autores de la encuesta. Se analizó psicométricamente la validez y la confiabilidad de la adaptación de la SF-36 para su uso en México. Resultados. Se construyeron ocho escalas o conceptos de salud relacionados con función física, rol físico, dolor corporal, salud general, vitalidad, función social, rol emocional y salud mental. En los participantes de los servicios médicos la escala con más bajo promedio fue la de salud general (63), y la más alta, la de rol físico (89). En la población control la escala con promedio más alto fue función física (94.6), y la más baja, salud general (73). La comparación de promedios de escalas en ambos grupos de participantes mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función física, rol físico, dolor corporal, salud general y vitalidad. Conclusiones. Con base en los resultados de la evalución psicométrica, la SF-36 muestra que es consistente con todos los supuestos de validez y confiabilidad en forma satisfactoria, aunque la traducción de ciertas preguntas se examinará en profundidad para determinar modificaciones subsecuentes