Detonation Performance of Insensitive Nitrogen-Rich Nitroenamine Energetic Materials Predicted from First-Principles Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Because of the excellent combination of high detonation and low sensitivity properties of the 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) energetic material (EM), it is useful to explore new energetic derivatives that start with the FOX-7 structure. However, most such derivatives are highly sensitive, making them unsuitable for EM applications. An exception is the new nitroenamine EM, 1,1-diamino-2-tetrazole-2-nitroethene (FOX-7-T) (synthesized by replacing a nitro group with a tetrazole ring), which exhibits good stability. Unfortunately, FOX-7-T shows an unexpected much lower detonation performance than FOX-7, despite its higher nitrogen content. To achieve an atomistic understanding of the insensitivity and detonation performance of FOX-7 and FOX-7-T, we carried out reactive molecular dynamics (RxMD) using the ReaxFF reactive force field and combined quantum mechanics MD (QM-MD). We found that the functional group plays a significant role in the initial decomposition reaction. For FOX-7, the initial decomposition involves only simple hydrogen transfer reactions at high temperature, whereas for FOX-7-T, the initial reaction begins at much lower temperature with a tetrazole ring breaking to form N2, followed by many subsequent reactions. Our first-principles-based simulations predicted that FOX-7-T has 34% lower CJ pressure, 15% lower detonation velocity, and 45% lower CJ temperature than FOX-7. This is partly because a larger portion of the FOX-7-T mass gets trapped into condensed phase carbon clusters at the CJ point, suppressing generation of gaseous CO2 and N2 final products, leading to reduced energy delivery. Our findings suggest that the oxygen balance is an important factor to be considered in the design of the next generation of high-nitrogen-containing EMs.

High-Energy-Density Material with Magnetically Modulated Ignition.

Preparation of a redox-frustrated high-energy-density energetic material is achieved by gentle protolysis of Mn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with the perchlorate salt of the tetrazolamide [H2NtBuMeTz]ClO4 (Tz = tetrazole), yielding the Mn6N6 hexagonal prismatic cluster, Mn6(µ3-NTztBuMe)6(ClO4)6. Quantum mechanics-based molecular dynamics simulations of the decomposition of this molecule predict that magnetic ordering of the d5 Mn2+ ions influences the pathway and rates of decomposition, suggesting that the initiation of decomposition of the bulk material might be significantly retarded by an applied magnetic field. We report here experimental tests of the prediction showing that the presence of a 0.5 T magnetic field modulates the ignition onset temperature by +10.4 ± 3.9 °C (from 414 ± 4 °C), demonstrating the first example of a magnetically modulated explosive.

Quantum mechanics based non-bonded force field functions for use in molecular dynamics simulations of materials and systems: The nitrogen and oxygen columns.

Accurate Force Fields (FFs) are essential for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of the dynamics of realistic materials in terms of atomic-level interactions. The FF parameters of short-range valence interactions can be derived through Quantum Mechanical (QM) calculations on model systems practical for QM (<300 atoms). Similarly, the dynamic electrostatic interactions can be described with methods such as QEq or PQEq that allow charges and polarization to adjust dynamically. However, accurately extracting long-range van der Waals (vdW) interactions from QM calculations poses challenges due to the absence of a definitive method to distinguish between the different energetic components of electrostatics, polarization, vdW, hydrogen bonding, and valence interactions. To do this we use the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof flavor of Density Functional Theory, including empirical D3 vdW corrections, to predict the Equation of State for each element (keeping any covalent bonds fixed), from which we obtain the two-body vdW nonbond potential. Here, we extend these calculations to include non-bonded parameters for the N and O columns of the periodic table so that we now describe columns 15 (N), 16 (O), 17 (F), and 18 (Ne) of the periodic table. For these 20 elements, we find that the two-body vdW potentials can all be mapped to a single universal two-body curve, with just three scaling parameters: Re, De, and L. We refer to this as the Universal NonBond (UNB) potential. We expect this to be useful for new MD simulations and a helpful starting point to obtain UNB parameters for the remainder of the periodic table.

Increasing Oxygen Balance Leads to Enhanced Performance in Environmentally Acceptable High-Energy Density Materials: Predictions from First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Environmental concerns have stimulated the development of green alternatives to environmentally pollutive nitramine compounds used for high-energy density materials (HEDMs). The excellent energetic properties of CL20 make it a promising candidate, but its negative oxygen balance limits its efficiency for industrial and military applications. We predict here that CL20-EO formed by introducing ether links into the CC bonds of the original CL20 structure to attain balanced CO2 and H2O production leads to improved performance while minimizing the formation of carbonaceous clusters and toxic gases. To test this concept, we predicted the detonation properties at the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state using reactive molecular dynamics simulations with the ReaxFF force field combined with quantum mechanics based moleculear dynamics. We predict that CL20-EO enhances energetic performance compared to CL20 with a 6.0% increase in the CJ pressure and a 1.1% increase in the detonation velocity, which we attribute to achieving the correct oxygen balance to produce fully oxidized gaseous products. After expansion to normal conditions from the CJ state, CL20-EO leads only to nontoxic fully oxidized gases instead of forming the carbonaceous clusters and toxic gases found with CL-20. Thus, CL20-EO is predicted to be environmentally green. These results indicate that oxygen balance plays an important role in both energy availability and end-product toxicity and that balanced CO2 and H2O production systems provide promising candidates for the next generation of environmentally acceptable alternatives to toxic HEDMs while also enhancing the detonation performance.

Reaction Mechanism and Energetics of Decomposition of Tetrakis(1,3-dimethyltetrazol-5-imidoperchloratomanganese(II)) from Quantum-Mechanics-based Reactive Dynamics.

Energetic materials (EMs) are central to construction, space exploration, and defense, but over the past 100 years, their capabilities have improved only minimally as they approach the CHNO energetic ceiling, the maximum energy density possible for EMs based on molecular carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen compounds. To breach this ceiling, we experimentally explored redox-frustrated hybrid energetic materials (RFH EMs) in which metal atoms covalently connect a strongly reducing fuel ligand (e.g., tetrazole) to a strong oxidizer (e.g., ClO4). In this Article, we examine the reaction mechanisms involved in the thermal decomposition of an RFH EM, [Mn(Me2TzN)(ClO4]4 (3, Tz = tetrazole). We use quantum-mechanical molecular reaction dynamics simulations to uncover the atomistic reaction mechanisms underlying this decomposition. We discover a novel initiation mechanism involving oxygen atom transfer from perchlorate to manganese, generating energy that promotes the fission of tetrazole into chemically stable species such as diazomethane, diazenes, triazenes, and methyl azides, which further undergo exothermic decomposition to finally form stable N2, H2O, CO, CO2, Mn-based clusters, and additional incompletely combusted products.

Li-diffusion at the interface between Li-metal and [Pyr14][TFSI]-ionic liquid: Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.

We previously reported comprehensive density functional theory-molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) at 400 K to determine the composition and structure of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) between a Li anode and [Pyr14][TFSI] ionic liquid. In this paper, we examined diffusion rates in both the Li-electrode region and SEI compact layer in smaller 83Li/2[TFSI] and larger 164Li/4[TFSI] systems. At 400 K, the Li-diffusion constant in the Li-region is 1.35 × 10-10 m2/s for 83Li/2[TFSI] and 5.64 × 10-10 m2/s for 164Li/4[TFSI], while for the SEI it is 0.33 × 10-10 m2/s and 0.22 × 10-10 m2/s, thus about one order slower in the SEI compared to the Li-region. This Li-diffusion is dominated by hopping from the neighbor shell of one F or O to the neighbor shell of another. Comparing the Li-diffusion at different temperatures, we find that the activation energy is 0.03 and 0.11 eV for the Li-region in the smaller and larger systems, respectively, while for the SEI it is 0.09 and 0.06 eV.

Accurate non-bonded potentials based on periodic quantum mechanics calculations for use in molecular simulations of materials and systems.

Molecular dynamics simulations require accurate force fields (FFs) to describe the physical and chemical properties of complex materials and systems. FF parameters for valence interactions can be determined from high-quality Quantum Mechanical (QM) calculations. However, it has been challenging to extract long-range nonbonded interaction potentials from QM calculations since there is no unambiguous method to separate the total QM energy into electrostatics (polarization), van der Waals (vdW), and other components. Here, we propose to use density functional theory with dispersion corrections to obtain the equation of state for single element solid systems (of H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, P, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn) from which we obtain the pure 2-body vdW nonbonded potentials. Recently, we developed the polarizable charge equilibration (PQEq) model based on QM polarization energy of electric probe dipoles with no contributions from vdW. Together, the vdW and PQEq interactions form the nonbonded potential of our new transferrable reactive FF (RexPoN). They may also be useful to replace the nonbonded parts of standard FFs, such as OPLS, Amber, UFF, and CHARMM. We find that the individual 2-body vdW potential curves can be scaled to a universal vdW potential using just three specific atomic parameters. This simplifies extension to the rest of the periodic table for atoms that do not exhibit molecular packing. We validate the accuracy of these nonbonded interactions for liquid water, energetic, and biological systems. In all cases, we find that our new nonbonded potentials provide good agreement with QM and experimental data.

Interface Structure in Li-Metal/[Pyr14][TFSI]-Ionic Liquid System from ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising materials for application in a new generation of Li batteries. They can be used as electrolyte or interlayer or incorporated into other materials. ILs have the ability to form a stable solid electrochemical interface (SEI), which plays an important role in protecting the Li-based electrode from oxidation and the electrolyte from extensive decomposition. Experimentally, it is hardly possible to elicit fine details of the SEI structure. To remedy this situation, we have performed a comprehensive computational study (density functional theory-based molecular dynamics) to determine the composition and structure of the SEI compact layer formed between the Li anode and [Pyr14][TFSI] IL. We found that the [TFSI] anions quickly reacted with Li and decomposed, unlike the [Pyr14] cations which remained stable. The obtained SEI compact layer structure is nonhomogeneous and consists of the atomized S, N, O, F, and C anions oxidized by Li atoms.

Predicted detonation properties at the Chapman-Jouguet state for proposed energetic materials (MTO and MTO3N) from combined ReaxFF and quantum mechanics reactive dynamics.

The development of new energetic materials (EMs) with improved detonation performance but low sensitivity and environmental impact is of considerable importance for applications in civilian and military fields. Often new designs are difficult to synthesize so predictions of performance in advance is most valuable. Examples include MTO (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3,5-trioxide) and MTO3N (2,4,6-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-1,3,5-trioxide) suggested by Klapötke as candidate EMs but not yet successfully synthesized. We propose and apply to these materials a new approach, RxMD(cQM), in which ReaxFF Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RxMD) is first used to predict the reaction products and thermochemical properties at the Chapman Jouguet (CJ) state for which the system is fully reacted and at chemical equilibrium. Quantum mechanics dynamics (QMD) is then applied to refine the pressure of the ReaxFF predicted CJ state to predict a more accurate final CJ point, leading to a very practical calculation that includes accurate long range vdW interactions needed for accurate pressure. For MTO, this RxMD(cQM) method predicts a detonation pressure of PCJ = 40.5 GPa and a detonation velocity of DCJ = 8.8 km s-1, while for MTO3N it predicts PCJ = 39.9 GPa and DCJ = 8.4 km s-1, making them comparable to HMX (PCJ = 39.5 GPa, DCJ = 9.1 km s-1) and worth synthesizing. This first-principles-based RxMD(cQM) methodology provides an excellent compromise between computational cost and accuracy including the formation of clusters that burn too slowly, providing a practical mean of assessing detonation performances for novel candidate EMs. This RxMD(cQM) method that links first principles atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with macroscopic properties to promote in silico design of new EMs should also be of general applicability to materials synthesis and processing.

Prediction of the Chapman-Jouguet chemical equilibrium state in a detonation wave from first principles based reactive molecular dynamics.

The combustion or detonation of reacting materials at high temperature and pressure can be characterized by the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state that describes the chemical equilibrium of the products at the end of the reaction zone of the detonation wave for sustained detonation. This provides the critical properties and product kinetics for input to macroscale continuum simulations of energetic materials. We propose the ReaxFF Reactive Dynamics to CJ point protocol (Rx2CJ) for predicting the CJ state parameters, providing the means to predict the performance of new materials prior to synthesis and characterization, allowing the simulation based design to be done in silico. Our Rx2CJ method is based on atomistic reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) using the QM-derived ReaxFF force field. We validate this method here by predicting the CJ point and detonation products for three typical energetic materials. We find good agreement between the predicted and experimental detonation velocities, indicating that this method can reliably predict the CJ state using modest levels of computation.

Prediction of the crystal packing of di-tetrazine-tetroxide (DTTO) energetic material.

Previous calculations suggested that di-tetrazine-tetroxide (DTTO), aka tetrazino-tetrazine-tetraoxide, might have a particularly large density (2.3 g/cm(3) ) and high energy release (8.8 kJ/kg), but it has not yet been synthesized successfully. We report here density functional theory (DFT) (M06, B3LYP, and PBE-ulg) on 20 possible isomers of DTTO. For the two most stable isomers, c1 and c2 we predict the best packings (i.e., polymorphs) among the 10 most common space groups for organic molecular crystal using the Universal force field and Dreiding force field with Monte Carlo sampling. This was followed by DFT calculations at the PBE-ulg level to optimize the crystal packing. We conclude that the c1 isomer has the P21 21 21 space group with a density of 1.96 g/cm(3) , while the c2 isomer has the Pbca space group with a density of 1.98 g/cm(3) . These densities are among the highest of current energetic materials, RDX (1.81 g/cm(3) ) and CL20 (2.01 g/cm(3) ). We observe that the stability of the polymorphs increases with the density while the planarity decreases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics on silicon pentaerythritol tetranitrate crystal validates the mechanism for the colossal sensitivity.

Recently quantum mechanical (QM) calculations on a single Si-PETN (silicon-pentaerythritol tetranitrate) molecule were used to explain its colossal sensitivity observed experimentally in terms of a unique Liu carbon-silyl nitro-ester rearrangement (R3Si-CH2-O-R2→ R3Si-O-CH2-R2). In this paper we expanded the study of Si-PETN from a single molecule to a bulk system by extending the ReaxFF reactive force field to describe similar Si-C-H-O-N systems with parameters optimized to reproduce QM results. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics of thermal decomposition of solid Si-PETN were investigated using ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-RMD) simulations at various temperatures to explore the origin of the high sensitivity. We find that at lower temperatures, the decomposition of Si-PETN is initiated by the Liu carbon-silyl nitro-ester rearrangement forming Si-O bonds which is not observed in PETN. As the reaction proceeds, the exothermicity of Si-O bond formation promotes the onset of NO2 formation from N-OC bond cleavage which does not occur in PETN. At higher temperatures PETN starts to react by the usual mechanisms of NO2 dissociation and HONO elimination; however, Si-PETN remains far more reactive. These results validate the predictions from QM that the significantly increased sensitivity of Si-PETN arises from a unimolecular process involving the unusual Liu rearrangement but not from multi-molecular collisions. It is the very low energy barrier and the high exothermicity of the Si-O bond formation providing energy early in the decomposition process that is responsible.

Decomposition of condensed phase energetic materials: interplay between uni- and bimolecular mechanisms.

Activation energy for the decomposition of explosives is a crucial parameter of performance. The dramatic suppression of activation energy in condensed phase decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives has been an unresolved issue for over a decade. We rationalize the reduction in activation energy as a result of a mechanistic change from unimolecular decomposition in the gas phase to a series of radical bimolecular reactions in the condensed phase. This is in contrast to other classes of explosives, such as nitramines and nitrate esters, whose decomposition proceeds via unimolecular reactions both in the gas and in the condensed phase. The thermal decomposition of a model nitroaromatic explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), is presented as a prime example. Electronic structure and reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-lg) calculations enable to directly probe the condensed phase chemistry under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, identifying the key bimolecular radical reactions responsible for the low activation route. This study elucidates the origin of the difference between the activation energies in the gas phase (~62 kcal/mol) and the condensed phase (~35 kcal/mol) of TNT and identifies the corresponding universal principle. On the basis of these findings, the different reactivities of nitro-based organic explosives are rationalized as an interplay between uni- and bimolecular processes.

Formation of the -N(NO)N(NO)- polymer at high pressure and stabilization at ambient conditions.

A number of exotic structures have been formed through high-pressure chemistry, but applications have been hindered by difficulties in recovering the high-pressure phase to ambient conditions (i.e., one atmosphere and 300 K). Here we use dispersion-corrected density functional theory [PBE-ulg (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof flavor of DFT with the universal low gradient correction for long range London dispersion)] to predict that above 60 gigapascal (GPa) the most stable form of N2O (the laughing gas in its molecular form) is a one-dimensional polymer with an all-nitrogen backbone analogous to cis-polyacetylene in which alternate N are bonded (ionic covalent) to O. The analogous trans-polymer is only 0.03∼0.10 eV/molecular unit less stable. Upon relaxation to ambient conditions, both polymers relax below 14 GPa to the same stable nonplanar trans-polymer. The predicted phonon spectrum and dissociation kinetics validates the stability of this trans-poly-NNO at ambient conditions, which has potential applications as a type of conducting nonlinear optical polymer with all-nitrogen chains and as a high-energy oxidizer for rocket propulsion. This work illustrates in silico materials discovery particularly in the realm of extreme conditions (very high pressure or temperature).

Reactive dynamics study of hypergolic bipropellants: monomethylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide.

To gain an atomistic-level understanding on physical and chemical processes occurring at the interfaces of hypergolic propellants, we carried out the first reactive dynamic (ReaxFF) simulations to study the reactive hypergolic mixture of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and dinitrogen tetroxide (NTO), in comparison with the ethanol (EtOH) and NTO mixture that is reactive but nonhypergolic. Our studies show that the MMH-NTO mixture releases energy more rapidly than the EtOH-NTO mixture upon mixing the fuels and oxidizers. We found that the major early chemical reactions between MMH and NTO are hydrogen abstractions and N-N bond scissions. The MMH-NTO mixture has more reaction channels than EtOH-NTO based on statistical analyses of chemical reaction events and channels at early stages of the dynamics. Analyzing the evolution of product distribution over reaction time shows that the oxidizer (NO(2)) diffuses into the fuels (MMH or EtOH) for the occurrence of reactions, demonstrating the influence of physical mixing on chemical reactions. Our simulations suggest that effective hypergolic systems require fuels with low energy barriers of H abstractions and/or bond scissions and oxidizers with large diffusion mobility for efficient physical mixing.

ReaxFF-lg: correction of the ReaxFF reactive force field for London dispersion, with applications to the equations of state for energetic materials.

The practical levels of density functional theory (DFT) for solids (LDA, PBE, PW91, B3LYP) are well-known not to account adequately for the London dispersion (van der Waals attraction) so important in molecular solids, leading to equilibrium volumes for molecular crystals ~10-15% too high. The ReaxFF reactive force field is based on fitting such DFT calculations and suffers from the same problem. In the paper we extend ReaxFF by adding a London dispersion term with a form such that it has low gradients (lg) at valence distances leaving the already optimized valence interactions intact but behaves as 1/R(6) for large distances. We derive here these lg corrections to ReaxFF based on the experimental crystal structure data for graphite, polyethylene (PE), carbon dioxide, and nitrogen and for energetic materials: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-s-triazine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), and nitromethane (NM). After this dispersion correction the average error of predicted equilibrium volumes decreases from 18.5 to 4.2% for the above systems. We find that the calculated crystal structures and equation of state with ReaxFF-lg are in good agreement with experimental results. In particular, we examined the phase transition between α-RDX and γ-RDX, finding that ReaxFF-lg leads to excellent agreement for both the pressure and volume of this transition occurring at ~4.8 GPa and ~2.18 g/cm(3) density from ReaxFF-lg vs 3.9 GPa and ~2.21 g/cm(3) from experiment. We expect ReaxFF-lg to improve the descriptions of the phase diagrams for other energetic materials.

Density-dependent liquid nitromethane decomposition: molecular dynamics simulations based on ReaxFF.

The decomposition mechanism of hot liquid nitromethane at various compressions was studied using reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics simulations. A competition between two different initial thermal decomposition schemes is observed, depending on compression. At low densities, unimolecular C-N bond cleavage is the dominant route, producing CH(3) and NO(2) fragments. As density and pressure rise approaching the Chapman-Jouget detonation conditions (∼30% compression, >2500 K) the dominant mechanism switches to the formation of the CH(3)NO fragment via H-transfer and/or N-O bond rupture. The change in the decomposition mechanism of hot liquid NM leads to a different kinetic and energetic behavior, as well as products distribution. The calculated density dependence of the enthalpy change correlates with the change in initial decomposition reaction mechanism. It can be used as a convenient and useful global parameter for the detection of reaction dynamics. Atomic averaged local diffusion coefficients are shown to be sensitive to the reactions dynamics, and can be used to distinguish between time periods where chemical reactions occur and diffusion-dominated, nonreactive time periods.

First principles study of the ignition mechanism for hypergolic bipropellants: N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylmethylenediamine (TMMDA) with nitric acid.

We report quantum mechanics calculations (B3LYP flavor of density functional theory) to determine the chemical reaction mechanism underlying the hypergolic reaction of pure HNO(3) with N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylmethylenediamine (TMMDA). TMEDA and TMMDA are dimethyl amines linked by two CH(2) groups or one CH(2) group, respectively, but ignite very differently with HNO(3). We explain this dramatic difference in terms of the role that N lone-pair electrons play in activating adjacent chemical bonds. We identify two key atomistic level factors that affect the ignition delay: (1) The exothermicity for formation of the dinitrate salt from TMEDA or TMMDA. With only a single CH(2) group between basic amines, the diprotonation of TMMDA results in much stronger electrostatic repulsion, reducing the heat of dinitrate salt formation by 6.3 kcal/mol. (2) The reaction of NO(2) with TMEDA or TMMDA, which is the step that releases the heat and reactive species required to propagate the reaction. Two factors of TMEDA promote the kinetics by providing routes with low barriers to oxidize the C: (a) formation of a stable intermediate with a C-C double bond and (b) the lower bond energy for breaking the C-C single bond (by 18 kcal/mol comparing to alkane) between two amines. Both factors would decrease the ignition delay for TMEDA versus TMMDA. The same factors also explain the shorter ignition delay of 1,4-dimethylpiperazine (DMPipZ) versus 1,3,5-trimethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TMTZ). These results indicate that TMEDA and DMPipZ are excellent green replacements for hydrazines as the fuel in bipropellants.

Atomistic Characterization of Stochastic Cavitation of a Binary Metallic Liquid under Negative Pressure.

We demonstrate the stochastic nature of cavitation in a binary metallic liquid Cu46Zr54 during hydrostatic expansion by employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a quantum mechanics (QM)-derived potential. The activation volume is obtained from MD simulations and transition-state theory. Extrapolation of the pressure dependence of the activation volume from our MD simulations to low tensile pressure agrees remarkably with macroscale cavitation experiments. We find that classical nucleation theory can predict the cavitation rate if we incorporate the Tolman length derived from the MD simulations.

Molecular dynamics simulations of weak detonations.

Detonation of a three-dimensional reactive nonisotropic molecular crystal is modeled using molecular dynamics simulations. The detonation process is initiated by an impulse, followed by the creation of a stable fast reactive shock wave. The terminal shock velocity is independent of the initiation conditions. Further analysis shows supersonic propagation decoupled from the dynamics of the decomposed material left behind the shock front. The dependence of the shock velocity on crystal nonlinear compressibility resembles solitary behavior. These properties categorize the phenomena as a weak detonation. The dependence of the detonation wave on microscopic potential parameters was investigated. An increase in detonation velocity with the reaction exothermicity reaching a saturation value is observed. In all other respects the model crystal exhibits typical properties of a molecular crystal.