Social determinants of intra-urban differentials of admissions by respiratory diseases in Salvador (BA), Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory diseases (RD) represent a significant cause of hospitalization in Brazil, occupying the first position in the rank by group of diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify social determinants (SD) of intra-urban differentials of hospitalizations by RD and their main types (asthma and pneumonia) a study of spatial aggregation was carried out in Salvador (BA), between 2001 and 2007, taking Information Zones (IZ) as unit of analysis. METHODS: Data on hospitalizations were provided by the Health Department of Bahia State. Socioeconomic indicators were obtained from the Demographic Census carried out in 2000, and the number of health centers was acquired from the National Register of Health Services. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analysis indicated association between spatial variation of the rates of hospitalization due to RD and income (ß = 0.54, p < 0.001) and rate of health facilities per 10,000 inhabitants (ß = 2.91, p < 0.001). Crowding was not associated. CONCLUSION: The identification of variation in SD in hospitalizations by RD in the IZ of Salvador will help in the decision-making process by public managers in defining goals and effective measures to reduce inequities in health.

Social inequalities in neonatal mortality and living condition.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and living conditions, and to analyze trends in the social inequalities, related to this mortality, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 2000 - 2006. METHODS: The city's Information Zones, the unit of analysis used in this study, were grouped into strata reflecting high, intermediate, low and very low living conditions, based on a living conditions index (LCI). Neonatal mortality rates were calculated for each stratum. Spearman's correlation, linear regression and relative risks were used in the data analysis. RESULTS: Neonatal mortality in Salvador was found to be associated with living conditions, with risks of 53, 56 and 59% greater, respectively, in the intermediate, low and very low strata, when compared to the high living conditions stratum. Only the intermediate living conditions stratum shows a significant decline in neonatal mortality (ß = -0.93; p = 0.039). In the stratum of high living conditions, it was observed a stagnation of this mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer living conditions were associated to higher risks of neonatal mortality. The slight decline in social inequalities, found in neonatal mortality, was due to a decline in the intermediate living conditions stratum. Although dependent on the access to quality healthcare services and life support technologies, a more consistent reduction in the neonatal mortality and its associated inequalities will only be achieved when broader-reaching public policies are implemented, improving the living conditions, and mainly focusing on priority groups.

[Evaluability assessment of a health care campaign for improving the access to ophthalmologic care in a central region of Brazil, 2004]. / Ampliação do acesso à atenção oftalmológica: um estudo sobre a avaliabilidade da campanha "De Olho na Visão", Goiás, 2004.

In order to identify the areas of priority for a systematic evaluation of a campaign for improving the access to ophthalmologic care--"Keep an eye on your vision", occurred in the state of Goiás in 2004, an evaluability assessment was conducted by means of interviews with key-informants and document analysis. A logical model was developed for providing dimensions and criteria for evaluation. This framework was submitted to a panel of experts using the Delphi method. The results revealed that the campaign was sufficiently structured to allow for systematic evaluations. Differences in the interpretation of the objectives and of the target population of the campaign between the experts were verified. Problems related to accessibility and effectiveness indicated these components as priorities for evaluation. The authors discuss the relevance of evaluability assessment as a preliminary stage for the evaluation of programs.

[Professional practices in public dental healthcare: case study of two municipal districts, Bahia State, Brazil]. / As práticas profissionais no campo público de atenção à saúde bucal: o caso de dois municípios da Bahia.

This paper examines the working facilities and processes of dentists in the primary healthcare systems of two towns in Bahia State, Brazil, striving to analyze the extent to which factors related to dental care, training, placement and professional profiles influence their practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine dentists in both towns, with work process organization patterns in Municipality C being closer to the structuring principles of Brazil's National Health System than in Municipality E. This seems to be related to management characteristics, with networking links among individual, collective, and preventive clinical activities and planning noted in Municipality C. Despite these differences, the practitioners presented similarities in terms of dual militancy and perceptions of the public and private healthcare fields. The hegemony of the private sector seems to be influencing the professional practices of dentists in the public health system.

[Infant mortality in Brazil during recent periods of economic crisis]. / Mortalidade infantil no Brasil em períodos recentes de crise econômica.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze time trends in infant mortality in Brazil during a recent period of economic crisis (1980-1998). METHODS: Time-series study based on the Ministry of Health's Mortality Information System, IBGE Foundation and Funda o Nacional de Sa de (National Health Institute database. Serial parameters were described using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, and the association between infant mortality rates and a number of determinants was evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Infant mortality showed a declining trend (-59.3%) and a strong correlation with most of the indicators analyzed. However, only correlations between infant mortality rate and total pregnancy and birth rates presented a significant difference between the two decades. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in pregnancy rate were the main cause for the persistent decline in infant mortality in the 1980's. In the subsequent period, causes related to living conditions, especially healthcare, may have been more important.

[Mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases in Salvador, Bahia: evolution and intra-urban differences according to living conditions]. / Mortalidade por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias em Salvador--Bahia: evolução e diferenciais intra-urbanos segundo condições de vida.

The evolution of mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases (IPD) and its intra-urban distribution in Salvador (Bahia) during the 1990's was analyzed in a study of time series and spatial aggregation. This data was obtained from DATASUS and from death certificates. Proportional mortality, mortality rate and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) were used for the temporal analysis. Mortality rates due to IPD stratified by a living conditions index (LCI) were analyzed in the spatial study. Between 1991 and 1995, the proportional mortality for IPD was 8.3% and the risk of dying varied between 55.9 and 34.0/100,000 inhabitants. After 1995 the variation was between 52.8 and 41.1/100,000 inhabitants. The standardized mortality ratio for infectious and parasitic diseases in 1998 was 1.3. Infectious intestinal diseases continue to be one of the principal causes of death in this group. The highest rates of mortality from IPD were concentrated in the areas of the city where the living conditions were poor. Despite the observed decline, there is still an excessive mortality rate from IPD in Salvador. The developmental model of the Country and re-emergence of some diseases could be contributing towards this pattern.