ABSTRACT
We evaluated the effects of recreational football training combined with calorie-restricted diet (football + diet) vs calorie-restricted diet alone (diet) on aerobic fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance indicators in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Forty-four T2D patients aged 48-68 years (27 females, 17 males) were randomly allocated to the football + diet group (FDG; n = 22) or to the diet group (DG; n = 22), of whom 19 FDG and 15 DG subjects completed the study. The football training was performed for 3 × 40 min/week for 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, treadmill testing, and fasting blood samplings were performed pre and post-intervention. After 12 weeks, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) was elevated (P < 0.05) by 10 ± 4% in FDG but not in DG (-3 ± 4%, P < 0.05). After 12 weeks, reductions in blood triglycerides (0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L), total cholesterol (0.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L), low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels were observed only in FDG. Fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 3.4 ± 0.4 kg in FDG and 3.7 ± 0.4 kg in DG. The lower (P < 0.05) glucagon and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance indicated an improvement in insulin sensitivity in FDG. In conclusion, football combined with restricted diet was effective in enhancing VO2max , reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing insulin sensitivity, potentially providing better tools for the prevention of T2D complications than diet alone.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Exercise Therapy/methods , Insulin Resistance , Physical Fitness , Soccer/physiology , Triglycerides/blood , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Brazil , Caloric Restriction , Combined Modality Therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Female , Heart Rate , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Oxygen Consumption , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
AIMS: To compare the effects of metformin and glibenclamide on cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal parameters during exercise of moderate intensity performed in the postprandial state, in women with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Ten patients treated with metformin, 10 with glibenclamide and 10 control subjects (C) exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of oxygen uptake (VO(2)) peak for 45 min. Cardiovascular, blood metabolic and hormonal parameters were determined at times -60 min (fasting), 0, +15, +30, +45 min (exercise) and at +60, +90 min (recovery). Thirty minutes prior to exercise, participants consumed a standard breakfast. Patients with diabetes took metformin or glibenclamide before the meal. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma glucose were higher in both diabetic groups, for the whole experiment. Blood glucose did not change during exercise in the three groups and increased at recovery only in the control group. Plasma glucagon concentrations at the end of exercise and recovery, and plasma lactate concentrations at recovery were higher in the metformin group. Insulin, noradrenaline, growth hormone, cortisol and free fatty acid responses were similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the usual dose of glibenclamide and metformin can be taken safely before postprandial exercise of moderate intensity without affecting cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal responses. However, after exercise, glibenclamide and metformin prevent the normal rise in blood glucose and metformin delays the fall in plasma lactate concentrations.
