Preventive effect of chitosan gel containing CaneCPI-5 against enamel erosive wear in situ.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the preventive effect of a chitosan gel containing CaneCPI-5 against enamel erosion and erosion + abrasion in situ. METHODS: Sixteen volunteers participated in a crossover, double-blind protocol, comprising 4 phases: (1) no treatment (Nt); (2) chitosan gel (Cg); (3) chitosan gel + 12,300 ppm NaF (Cg + NaF); and (4) chitosan gel + 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5 (Cg + Cane). Volunteers wore an appliance containing 4 specimens. Once/day, they applied the gel (except for Nt) (4 min/specimen). Erosive challenges were performed extra-orally (0.1% citric acid, 90 s, 4 × /day; ERO). Specimens were also abraded (toothbrush, 15 s/specimen, 2 × /day; ERO + ABR). Enamel wear was assessed by profilometry and relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI). Two-way RM-ANOVA/Sidak's tests and Spearman's correlation were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS: For profilometry, ERO + ABR promoted significantly greater wear when compared with ERO. There was a significant difference among all treatments. The lowest enamel loss occurred for Cg + Cane, followed by Cg + NaF, Cg, and Nt (p < 0.05). The %SRI was significantly lower for ERO + ABR when compared to ERO, only for the Nt group. The greatest %SRI was found for the Cg + NaF and Cg + Cane groups, which did not differ significantly, regardless of the conditions. The lowest %SRI was found for the Nt and Cg groups, which did not differ from each other, regardless of the conditions. The Nt group did not differ significantly from the Cg + NaF (ERO). There was a significant correlation between both analyses. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of CaneCPI-5 in the chitosan gel prevented erosive wear in situ. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results open a new perspective for the use of CaneCPI-5 in other application vehicles, such as chitosan gel.

Dimensional Changes in Dental Arches after Complete Dentures Rehabilitation of a Patient with Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Case Report with 18-Year Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: This case report presents the dimensional changes in dental arches in a patient with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) after complete denture rehabilitation, with an 18-year follow-up period. CASE REPORT: The patient had complete anodontia and was successfully rehabilitated with conventional complete dentures at 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, and 21 years of age. Each successive denture was larger and contained more and larger teeth so as to accommodate for the increase in the size of the developing jaw. A series of diagnostic casts were used to measure the dimensional changes in the arch length and width of the alveolar ridge. Cast analysis revealed that there was an increase in arch length and width in both the maxilla and mandible over time. Cephalometric analysis of craniofacial development was performed at 21 years of age, and suggested protrusion of the maxilla and mandible. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of teeth due to HED did not affect the dimensional changes in dental arches after complete denture rehabilitation from childhood to adulthood. The prosthetic treatment improved the patient's social integration and enabled the development of normal dietary habits, speech, and facial esthetics, which in turn led to improved quality of life.

Correction to: Can in vivo surface dental enamel microbiopsies be used to measure remote lead exposure?

To accomplish the aim A, lead from 90 bovine incisor crowns was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer as a function of exposure time and lead concentration.

Can in vivo surface dental enamelmicrobiopsies be used to measure remote lead exposure?

Measuring lead in the surface dental enamel (SDE) using biopsies is a rapid, safe, and painless procedure. The dental enamel lead levels (DELLs) decrease from the outermost superficial layer to the inner layer of dental enamel, which becomes crucial for the biopsy depth (BD) measurement. However, whether the origin of lead found in SDE is fully endogenous is not yet established. There is also controversy about the biopsy protocol. The aims of this study were to investigate if DELLs are altered by extrinsic contamination (A) and to evaluate the real geometric figure formed by the erosion provoked by biopsy procedure and the respective BD in SDE (B). To accomplish the aim A, lead from 90 bovine incisor crowns lead was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer as a function of exposure time and lead concentration. Two biopsies were performed in each tooth, before and after lead exposure. Six 15-tooth groups differed by exposure time (1 or 30 min) and lead concentrations (A. 0 mg/L-placebo, B. 0.01 mg/L-standard for drinking water, or C. 0.06 mg/L-concentration found in contaminated groundwater). Phosphorus was determined by an inductively coupled plasm optical emission spectrometer to quantify the enamel removed. To compare intakes/losses of lead in SDE among the groups, values of DELL differences between before and after lead exposure were compared by ANOVA (p < 0.05). To attain the objective B, one extracted human permanent tooth was studied by confocal Raman microscopy. Lead measurements and the surface profile were determined. There was no difference in DELL among the groups (p = 0.964). The biopsy bottom surface area, analyzed by microscopy, showed an irregular area, with regions of peaks and valleys, where areas with depth ranging from 0.2 (peaks) to 1.8 µm (valleys) (± 0.1 µm) could be found. BD carried out in vivo is commonly calculated using the cylinder height formula. The real BD was shown to be very similar to already published data. In conclusion, the SDE of erupted teeth does not seem to be susceptible to environmental lead intake, being thus reliable to measure remote exposures to lead.

The effect of pH and fluoride concentration of liquid dentifrices on caries progression.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of pH and fluoride concentration of liquid dentifrices (LD) on caries progression and fluoride uptake in the toenails of 2-4-year-old children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Schoolchildren living in a fluoridated area, with (A) or without (I) active caries lesions, were randomly allocated into three groups according to the LD they would use over 12 months: group 1 (n = 48-A/56-I): 550 µg fluoride (F)/g, pH 4.5; group 2 (n = 56-A/48-I) 1,100 µg F/g, pH 7.0; and group 3 (n = 52-A/55-I): 550 µg F/g, pH 7.0. The number of lesions becoming active/cavities or inactive was clinically evaluated by determining progression or regression. Additionally, white spot lesions were evaluated by the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method in 75 children. Toenail fluoride concentration was also evaluated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by Dunn's test or ANCOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Caries net increment followed a decreasing pattern according to the dentifrice used (G1 < G2 < G3), regardless caries activity, but significant differences were detected only for caries progression and net increment (G1 < G3) for the caries-active group when evaluated through visual inspection. For the regression, the values found for the three groups were more similar, without significant differences. QLF analysis detected no significant difference between groups 1 and 2, but they performed significantly better than group 3. A significantly lower toenail fluoride concentration was observed when children used the low-fluoride dentifrices. CONCLUSION: The low-fluoride acidic LD has good potential to prevent caries and reduce fluoride intake. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The low-F acidic dentifrice combines the desirable characteristics of caries prevention and reduced fluoride intake-for a product to be used by children, regardless their caries status.