Efetividade de um programa de educação de enfermagem em pessoas com diabetes tipo 2 na atenção primária: ensaio clínico randomizado

Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um programa de educação de enfermagem em indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2, considerando a relação entre as atitudes psicológicas e as características sociodemográficas, assim como o controle glicêmico, atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família do município de Divinópolis, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Material e Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado realizado com 278 pessoas com diabetes tipo 2 distribuídas em grupo intervenção e controle. As Equações de Estimação Generalizadas foram ajustadas para verificar se haveria mudanças das atitudes psicológicas ou hemoglobina glicada associadas às características sociodemográficas ou duração de diabetes. Resultados: Houve associação para atitudes psicológicas, educação e controle glicêmico. O grupo intervenção melhorou as atitudes psicológicas (p= 11,2; IC= 95%: 7,4-15,0). As pessoas que melhoraram as atitudes tiveram redução da hemoglobina glicada no grupo intervenção (7,9 ± 0,2 vs 7,4 ± 0,2; p< 0,001) e aumento no grupo controle. O grupo intervenção diminuiu a hemoglobina glicada ao final do programa (p= -0,9; IC= 95%: -1,4 -0,5). Conclusão: O grupo intervenção melhorou as atitudes psicológicas ao comparar com o grupo controle, exceto entre pessoas com menos de cinco anos de diagnóstico.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing program in people with type 2 diabetes, considering the relationship between psychological attitudes and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, assisted by the Family Health Strategy in the city of Divinópolis, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Material and Method: Randomized clinical trial carried out with 278 people with type 2 diabetes distributed in an intervention and a control group. The Generalized Estimating Equations were adjusted to control for changes in psychological attitudes or glycosylated hemoglobin associated with sociodemographic characteristics or duration of diabetes. Results: There was an association between psychological attitudes, education and glycemic control. The intervention group improved psychological attitudes (p = 11.21; CI = 95%: 7.4-15.0). People who improved attitudes had a reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin in the intervention group (7.9 ± 0.2 vs. 7.4 ± 0.2, p<0.001) and an increase in the control group. The intervention group decreased glycosylated hemoglobin at the end of the program (p = -0.9; 95% CI: -1.4; -0.5). Conclusion: The intervention group improved psychological attitudes when compared to the control group, except among people with less than five years of diagnosis.

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de educación de enfermería en personas con diabetes tipo 2, considerando la relación entre las actitudes psicológicas y las características sociodemográficas y el control glicémico en individuos con diabetes tipo 2, atendidos en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en la ciudad de Divinópolis, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Material y Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado realizado con 278 personas con diabetes tipo 2 divididas en grupos de intervención y control. Las Ecuaciones de Estimación Generalizadas se ajustaron para comprobar si había cambios en las actitudes psicológicas o la hemoglobina glucosilada asociados con las características sociodemográficas o la duración de la diabetes. Resultados: Hubo una asociación para las actitudes psicológicas, la educación y el control glicémico. El grupo de intervención mejoró las actitudes psicológicas (p= 11,21; IC= 95%: 7,4-15,0). Las personas que mejoraron las actitudes tuvieron una reducción de la hemoglobina glucosilada en el grupo de intervención (7,9 ± 0,2 frente a 7,4 ± 0,2, p <0,001) y un aumento en el grupo de control. El grupo de intervención disminuyó la hemoglobina glucosilada al final del programa (p= -0,9; IC 95%: -1,4-0,5). Conclusión: El grupo de intervención mejoró las actitudes psicológicas en comparación con el grupo de control, excepto entre las personas con menos de cinco años de diagnóstico.

Empowerment-oriented strategies to identify behavior change in patients with chronic diseases: An integrative review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases in the Americas account for about 80 % (5.2 million) of all deaths. Instruments are needed to enhance knowledge, skills, behavior change and self-care attitudes drawing on patient autonomy. OBJECTIVE: To identify empowerment-oriented strategies focused on behavioral change in patients with chronic diseases. PATIENT INVOLVEMENT: None. METHODS: This is an integrative review of articles published from any period until June 2020 by journals indexed in the following databases: National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). RESULTS: Out of 1,287 articles, 25 met our selection criteria. Reported health interventions were based on self-management and behavior change, shared decisions and a personalized collaborative process, peer support and self-confidence, as well as strategies involving educational media and health literacy. DISCUSSION: Over 80 % of health interventions were patient-centered and focused on patient knowledge and skill development towards personal goal setting, including effective problem-solving strategy development. Behavior change is not only an outcome of education, but also implicates revisiting values, attitudes, and experiences. Knowledge is important to facilitate decision-making leading to positive outcomes in chronic disease management. PRACTICAL VALUE: Empowerment-oriented strategies are important tools for providing trust and motivation to people with chronic diseases. Healthcare professionals should support and encourage patient empowerment as a strategy for behavior change and able to offer qualified care for shared decision making. Thus, patients will be able to participate more actively in their own health condition management and to make decisions to promote self-care.

Validity of an instrument to evaluate the immunobiological cold chain

Abstract Objective: To develop and to test the validity of content and layout of a multidimensional tool to evaluate maintenance of the cold chain for immunobiological conservation. Method: A methodological study carried out in three steps: integrative review; development of theoretical and logical model for the development of the tool; implementation of the Delphi Technique to test the validity of content and layout. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated considering appropriate those values greater than or equal to 75% and 0.4, respectively. Results: The instrument consisted of 7 questions about structure and 20 about process, subdivided into three components: Transportation/Reception (n=3); Storage/Handling (n=13); Supervision/Permanent education (n=4). The cvi value was 87.4%, with values equal to 85.7% and 89% in the structure and process dimensions, respectively. The process components obtained cvi values equal to 88.9, 88.9 and 89.2%, respectively. The CVR was 0.8, with values equal to 0.7 and 0.8 in the structure and process dimensions. As for the layout validation, the questionnaire was considered intelligible. Conclusion: The study provides an instrument with validity of content and layout for health professionals in charge of the supervision of activities of immunobiological conservation, ensuring the maintenance of the immunogenic quality of the products offered to the population.

Resumen Objetivo: desarrollar y validar los contenidos e interface de una herramienta multidimensional para evaluar el mantenimiento de la cadena de frío de la conservación inmunobiológica. Método: estudio metodológico realizado en tres pasos: revisión integradora; elaboración de modelo teórico y lógico para el desarrollo de la herramienta; implementación de la técnica Delphi para la validación de contenido y de apariencia de preguntas. Se calcularon el Índice de validez de contenido (IVC) y el Razón de Validez de Contenido (RVC), considerando apropiados aquellos valores mayores o iguales al 75 % y 0,4, respectivamente. Resultados: el cuestionario constaba de siete preguntas de estructura y 20 de proceso, subdivididas en tres componentes: Transporte/Recepción (n=3); Almacenamiento/Manipulación (n=13); Supervisión/Educación continua (n=4). El valor para el cvi fue 87,4 %, con valores iguales al 85,7 y 89 % en las dimensiones estructura y proceso, respectivamente. Los componentes del proceso obtuvieron valores para el IVC iguales a 88,9, 88,9 y 89,2 %, respectivamente. El RVC era una herramienta de 0,8, con valores iguales a 0,7 en la estructura de dimensión y 0,8 en proceso. En cuanto a la validación de la apariencia, el cuestionario se consideró inteligible. Conclusión: el estudio proporciona un instrumento con contenido validado para profesionales de la salud, en la supervisión de actividades de conservación de productos inmunobiológicos, asegurando el mantenimiento de la calidad inmunogénica de los productos ofrecidos a la población.

Resumo Objetivo: desenvolver e validar o conteúdo e interface de um instrumento multidimensional para avaliar a manutenção da cadeia de frio de conservação de imunobiológicos. Método: estudo metodológico realizado em três etapas: revisão integrativa; elaboração do modelo teórico-lógico para o desenvolvimento do instrumento; realização da Técnica Delphi para validar conteúdo e aparência das questões. Foram calculados o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) e a Razão de Validade de Conteúdo (RVC), considerando-se valores adequados aqueles maiores ou iguais a 75 % e 0,4, respectivamente. Resultados: o questionário constou de sete questões de estrutura e 20 de processo, subdivididos em três componentes: transporte/recebimento (n=3); armazenamento/manuseio (n=13); supervisão/educação permanente (n=4). O valor para o IVC foi de 87,4 %, com valores iguais a 85,7 % na dimensão estrutura e 89 % no processo. Os componentes do processo obtiveram valores para o IVC iguais a 88,9 %, 88,9 % e 89,2 %, respectivamente. O RVC do instrumento foi de 0,8, com valores iguais a 0,7 na dimensão estrutura e 0,8 no processo. Quanto à validação de aparência, o questionário foi considerado inteligível. Conclusão: o estudo fornece um instrumento de medida com conteúdo validado e que se configura em uma ferramenta de gestão útil na supervisão de salas de imunização.

Perception of primary care doctors and nurses about care provided to sickle cell disease patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perception of primary care physicians and nurses about access to services and routine health care provided to sickle cell disease patients. METHODS: This descriptive exploratory study took a qualitative approach by surveying thirteen primary care health professionals who participated in a focus group to discuss access to services and assistance provided to sickle cell disease patients. The data were submitted to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Access to primary care services and routine care for sickle cell disease patients were the categories that emerged from the analysis. Interaction between people with sickle cell disease and primary care health clinics was found to be minimal and limited mainly to scheduling appointments. Patients sought care from the primary care health clinics only in some situations, such as for pain episodes and vaccinations. The professionals noted that patients do not recognize primary care as the gateway to the system, and reported that they feel unprepared to assist sickle cell disease patients. CONCLUSION: In the perception of these professionals, there are restrictions to accessing primary care health clinics and the primary care assistance for sickle cell disease patients is affected.

Community healthcare workers' perception of an educational intervention in the care of patients with sickle cell disease in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in the management of sickle cell disease, gaps still exist in the training of primary healthcare professionals for monitoring patients with the disease. OBJECTIVE: To assess the perception of community healthcare workers about the care and monitoring of patients with sickle cell disease after an educational intervention. METHOD: This exploratory, descriptive, and the qualitative study was conducted in Montes Claros, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The intervention involved the educational training of community healthcare workers from the Family Health Program of the Brazilian Unified Health System. The focus group technique was used to collect the data. The following topics were covered in the discussion: assessment of educational workshops, changes observed in the perception of professionals after training, profile of home visits, and access to and provision of basic healthcare services to individuals with sickle cell disease. The discussions were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were subjected to content analysis and empirically organized into two categories. RESULTS: Changes in the healthcare practices of community health workers were observed after the educational intervention. The prioritization of healthcare services for patients with sickle cell disease and monitoring of clinical warning signs in healthcare units were observed. Furthermore, changes were observed in the profile of home visits to patients, which were performed using a script provided in the educational intervention. CONCLUSION: The educational intervention significantly changed the work process of community health workers concerning patient monitoring in primary healthcare.