Obesity-like metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets consumption in metabolic and renal functions.

Present study investigated which diet, high-carbohydrate (HCD) or high-fat (HFD), most effectively induces classical characteristics of obesity in mice. Mice were fed commercial chow (control), an HCD, or an HFD for 12 weeks. HFD and HCD increased body weight, fat mass, and glycaemia, whereas the HFD augmented insulinemia. In the kidney, the HFD caused albuminuria, and reductions in fractional Na+ excretion, Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) excretion, and urinary flow, whereas the HCD reduced glomerular filtration, plasma osmolality, and TXB2 and Prostaglandin E2 excretion. The consumption of HFD and HCD modified parameters that indicate histopathological changes, such as proliferation (proliferating-cell-nuclear antigen), inflammation (c-Jun N-terminal-protein), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (vimentin, and desmin) in renal tissue, but the HCD group presents fewer signals of glomerular hypertrophy or tubule degeneration. In summary, the HCD generated the metabolic and renal changes required for an obesity model, but with a delay in the development of these modifications concerning the HFD.

Prevalence of sarcopenia according to EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 in older adults and their associations with unfavorable health outcomes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) recently updated the definition and diagnostic criteria to assess sarcopenia, which can result in important changes in sarcopenia prevalence in older adults. AIM: To compare the prevalence of sarcopenia through the diagnostic criteria and definition proposed by the first (EWGSOP1) and recent (EWGSOP2) European consensus in older adults. We also aimed to evaluate which sarcopenia consensus is better associated with unfavorable health outcomes. METHODS: The review followed PRISMA guidelines. Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science were searched from 2018 to February 2021. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020213303). The search, selection, and evaluation processes were done in a duplicate and independent manner. RESULTS: Of the 298 potentially eligible articles, 9 were included in this review. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 17.7% by EWGSOP1 and 11% by EWGSOP2. Evaluating all the studies, the sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 6.2 to 35.3% for the EWGSOP1, and from 3.2 to 26.3% for the EWGSOP2. Five studies have evaluated the association between the prevalence of sarcopenia (EWGSOP1 versus EWGSOP2) and unfavorable health outcomes, in which three studies showed that EWGSOP1 was better associated with increased risk of hospitalization and/or mortality. CONCLUSION: In comparison with EWGSOP1, the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults decreased when diagnosed according to EWGSOP2. Based on limited evidence, EWGSOP2 seems to be worse for predicting unfavorable outcomes compared with EWGSOP1.

Relationship between acute phase proteins and serum fatty acid composition in morbidly obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is considered a low-grade inflammatory state and has been associated with increased acute phase proteins as well as changes in serum fatty acids. Few studies have assessed associations between acute phase proteins and serum fatty acids in morbidly obese patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between acute phase proteins (C-Reactive Protein, Orosomucoid, and Albumin) and serum fatty acids in morbidly obese patients. METHODS: Twenty-two morbidly obese patients were enrolled in this study. Biochemical and clinical data were obtained before bariatric surgery, and fatty acids measured in preoperative serum. RESULTS: Orosomucoid was negatively correlated with lauric acid (P = 0.027) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P = 0.037) and positively with arachidonic acid (AA) (P = 0.035), AA/EPA ratio (P = 0.005), and n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (P = 0.035). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was negatively correlated with lauric acid (P = 0.048), and both CRP and CRP/Albumin ratio were negatively correlated with margaric acid (P = 0.010, P = 0.008, resp.). Albumin was positively correlated with EPA (P = 0.027) and margaric acid (P = 0.008). Other correlations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that serum fatty acids are linked to acute phase proteins in morbidly obese patients.