ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported on associations of size at birth and early growth with general and central obesity; however, few have examined the potential effects of birth weight and postnatal growth on separate abdominal fat compartments. We investigated the effects of size at birth, linear growth and relative weight gain from birth to adulthood on visceral (VFT) and subcutaneous abdominal (SAFT) fat thicknesses at age 30 years. METHODS: A total of 2663 participants from the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study had complete information on ultrasound measures of abdominal fat at age 30 years, and anthropometric measurements for at least five visits (0/2/4/23/30 years). We estimated weight and height Z-score changes, conditional relative weight gain and conditional height at several ages. RESULTS: In both men and women, VFT and SAFT showed positive associations with conditional relative weight gain during all age periods beyond 2 years and birth, respectively (all P⩽0.01). Women born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) had greater VFT than other women (difference=0.15 s.d., 95% CI: 0.01-0.29), and they showed a stronger positive influence of infant weight gain 0-2 years on VFT (IUGR: ß=0.17 s.d., 95% CI: 0.05-0.29; non-IUGR: ß=0.01 s.d., 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.06; Pinteraction=0.02). Stunting at 2 years was associated with lower SAFT but not VFT, and it modified the influence of weight gain 2-4 years on SAFT in both sexes (both Pinteraction<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reinforce the advantages of being born with an appropriate birth weight, and the hazards of rapid postnatal gains in weight relative to linear growth, particularly after the critical window of the first 1000 days.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Fat/diagnostic imaging , Birth Weight , Body Height , Weight Gain , Adolescent , Adult , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Social Class , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
We performed a systematic literature review on the associations between birth size and abdominal adiposity in adults, while also investigating the role of the adjustment for adult body mass index (BMI). MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO databases were searched for articles published up to February 2013. Only prospective studies were included. After screening 2,570 titles, we selected 31 publications for the narrative synthesis, of which 13 were considered to be of high methodological quality. Six main indicators of birth size were identified, and birth weight (BW) was the most extensively studied. Most studies relied on anthropometric measurements as proxies for abdominal fatness or as indicators of body fat distribution. Few studies assessed abdominal adiposity through imaging methods, generally with small sample sizes. Eleven articles could be included in the meta-analyses. BW was found to be positively associated with waist circumference in adulthood, but the association disappeared after adjustment for adult BMI. In contrast, there was no association between BW and waist-to-hip ratio, whereas a strong negative association became evident after controlling for adult BMI. In conclusion, BW seems to be associated with larger adult size in general, including both waist and hip circumferences. The marked change in coefficients after adjustment for adult BMI suggests that post-natal growth strongly affects relative central adiposity, whereas BWâ per se does not play a role. Given the potential impact of post-natal growth, further research is needed to identify different growth trajectories that lead to abdominal adiposity, as well as studies on interactions of foetal and post-natal growth patterns.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Fat , Adiposity , Birth Weight , Body Composition , Adult , Body Mass Index , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Waist CircumferenceSubject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Ethics, Medical , HIV-1 , Politics , Brazil , Female , HIV Seropositivity , HIV-1/immunology , Health Policy , Humans , Legislation as Topic , Male , Pregnancy , Social ProblemsABSTRACT
Drainage network and quantitative parameters necessary for pedologic interpretation were obtained by means of aerial photographs in the 1:25.000 scale. The study area has approximately 700 km² and is located in the western part of Sao Paulo State. The rock substrate of the soils was identified as Bauru sandstone. The composition of drainage networks in watersheds was determined to the third order of ramification; drainage densities were detennined by circular samples. Drainage density values showed differences between podzolic soils and the red-yellow latosols. With the aid of this parameter it was possible to separate intergrade soil groups.
Com o auxílio de fotografias aéreas na escala 1:25.000, foram traçadas as redes de drenagem e posteriormente obtidos os parâmetros quantitativos necessários para a interpretação para fins pedológicos. A área estudada, com tamanho em torno de 700 km² está localizada no Oeste do Estado de São Paulo na região compreendida entre as cidades de Rancharia, Bastos, Tupâ e Quatá, cortada pelo Rio do Peixe, cujo substrato é constituído pelo arenito de Bauru. Foi feito o estudo das bacias hidrográficas de terceira ordem de ramificação onde foram analisados o número, comprimento total e comprimento médio de segmentos de rios em amostras constituídas por bacias e por amostras circulares. Os valores da densidade de drenagem, principalmente das áreas circulares, mostraram serem parâmetros sensíveis na separação dos solos podzolizados abruptos dos solos latossólicos de textura media-arenosa. Além disso, esse parâmetro permitiu também separar os solos intermediários (PVL).
ABSTRACT
Drainage network and quantitative parameters necessary for pedologic interpretation were obtained by means of aerial photographs in the 1:25.000 scale. The study area has approximately 700 km² and is located in the western part of Sao Paulo State. The rock substrate of the soils was identified as Bauru sandstone. The composition of drainage networks in watersheds was determined to the third order of ramification; drainage densities were detennined by circular samples. Drainage density values showed differences between podzolic soils and the red-yellow latosols. With the aid of this parameter it was possible to separate intergrade soil groups.
Com o auxílio de fotografias aéreas na escala 1:25.000, foram traçadas as redes de drenagem e posteriormente obtidos os parâmetros quantitativos necessários para a interpretação para fins pedológicos. A área estudada, com tamanho em torno de 700 km² está localizada no Oeste do Estado de São Paulo na região compreendida entre as cidades de Rancharia, Bastos, Tupâ e Quatá, cortada pelo Rio do Peixe, cujo substrato é constituído pelo arenito de Bauru. Foi feito o estudo das bacias hidrográficas de terceira ordem de ramificação onde foram analisados o número, comprimento total e comprimento médio de segmentos de rios em amostras constituídas por bacias e por amostras circulares. Os valores da densidade de drenagem, principalmente das áreas circulares, mostraram serem parâmetros sensíveis na separação dos solos podzolizados abruptos dos solos latossólicos de textura media-arenosa. Além disso, esse parâmetro permitiu também separar os solos intermediários (PVL).