The effect of age on resilience of health-related quality of life among polytrauma patients: a cross-sectional multicenter study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of age on patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the capacity to show resilience-i.e., the ability to adapt to stressful adverse events-after sustaining a polytrauma. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter cohort was conducted between 2013 and 2016 that included surviving polytrauma patients (ISS ≥ 16). HRQoL was obtained by the Short Musculoskeletal Function assessment and EuroQol (SMFA and EQ-5D-5L). The effect of age on HRQoL was tested with linear regression analysis. Next, the individual scores were compared with age- and sex-matched normative data to determine whether they showed resilience. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to assess the effect of age on reaching the normative threshold of the surveys, correcting for several confounders. RESULTS: A total of 363 patients responded (57%). Overall, patients had a mean EQ-5D-5L score of 0.73. With higher age, scores on the SMFA subscales "upper extremity dysfunction," "lower extremity dysfunction" and "daily activities" significantly dropped. Only 42% of patients were classified as being resilient, based on the EQ-5D-5L score. Patients aged 60-69 showed the highest resilience (56%), and those aged 80 + showed the lowest resilience (0%). CONCLUSION: Sustaining a polytrauma leads to a serious decline in HRQoL. Aging is associated with a decline in the physical components of HRQoL. No clear relationship with age was seen on the non-physical components of quality of life. Octogenarians, and to a lesser extent septuagenarians and tricenarians, showed to be very vulnerable groups, with low rates of resilience after surviving a polytrauma.

Older polytrauma: Mortality and complications.

INTRODUCTION: Older adults enduring a polytrauma have an increased mortality risk. Apart from age, the role of other predisposing factors on mortality are mainly described for the total polytrauma population. This study aimed to describe the mortality pattern of older polytrauma patients, its associated risk factors, and the role and etiology of in-hospital complications. METHODS: An eight-year retrospective cohort was constructed from 380 polytrauma patients aged ≥65 in a Dutch level 1 trauma center and linked to the national trauma database (DTR). Demographics, injury characteristics, comorbidity, clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality, mortality etiology and complications scored according to the Clavien-Dindo classification were analyzed. Primary outcome was the identification of risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality, followed by identification of in-hospital complications and their nature. RESULTS: Overall in-hospital mortality was 36.3%, rising significantly with age. For patients aged ≥85 in-hospital mortality was 60.8%. Polytrauma patients aged ≥75 showed a peak of late-onset deaths one week following trauma. Age, a Glasgow coma score ≤8, coagulopathy, acidosis, injury severity score and the presence of a large subdural hematoma were significant risk factors influencing in-hospital mortality. Respiratory failure was the most prevalent severe and fatal complication. The proportion of fatal complications grew significantly with age (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Age is strongly associated with in-hospital mortality in polytraumatized elderly. Coagulopathy, acidosis, a low Glasgow coma score, presence of a large subdural hematoma and injury severity score were independently of age associated with an increased mortality. Patients older than 75 years showed a unique trimodal distribution of mortality with a late onset one week following the initial trauma. Elderly were more susceptible for fatal complications. Respiratory failure was the most prevalent severe and fatal complication. Aggressive monitoring and treatment of the pulmonary status is therefore of utmost importance.

The development and internal validation of a model to predict functional recovery after trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and internally validate the PROgnosis of functional recovery after Trauma (PRO-Trauma) prediction model. DESIGN: A prospective single-center longitudinal cohort study. Patients were assessed at 6 weeks and 12 months post-injury. METHODS: Patients that presented at the emergency department with an acute traumatic injury, were prompted for participation. Patients that completed the assessments at 6 weeks and 12 months post injury were included. Exclusion criteria: age < 18, age > 65, pathologic fractures, injuries that resulted in severe neurologic deficits. The predicted outcome, functional recovery, was defined as a Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA-NL) Problems with Daily Activities (PDA) subscale ≤ 12.2 points at 12 months post-injury (Dutch population norm). Predictors were: gender, age, living with partner, number of chronic health conditions, SMFA-NL PDA score 6 weeks post-injury, ICU admission, length of stay in hospital, injury severity score, occurrence of complications and treatment type. All predictors were obtained before 6 weeks post-injury. Missing data were multiply imputed. Predictor variables were selected using backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression. Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were used to evaluate calibration. Bootstrap resampling was used to internally validate the final model. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients were included, of which 104 (44%) showed functional recovery. The predictors in the final PRO-Trauma model were: living with partner, the number of chronic health conditions, SMFA-NL PDA subscale score at 6 weeks post-injury and length of stay in hospital. The apparent R2 was 0.33 [0.33;0.34], the c-statistic was 0.79 [0.79;0.80]. Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good calibration (p = 0.92). Optimism-corrected R2 was 0.28 [0.27;0.29] and the optimism-corrected Area Under the Curve was 0.77 [0.77;0.77]. CONCLUSION: The PRO-Trauma prediction model can be used to obtain valid predictions of attaining functional recovery after trauma at 12 months post-injury. The PRO-Trauma prediction model showed acceptable calibration and discrimination.

The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment: a study of the reliability, construct validity and responsiveness in patients sustaining trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess test-retest reliability, construct validity and responsiveness of the Dutch Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA-NL) in patients who sustained acute physical trauma. DESIGN: A longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: A level 1 trauma center in The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: Patients who required hospital admission after sustaining an acute physical trauma. INTERVENTION: Patients completed the SMFA-NL at six weeks, eight weeks and six months post-injury. MAIN MEASURE: The measures used were The Dutch Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment. Test-retest reliability (between six and eight weeks post-injury) using intraclass correlation coefficients, the smallest detectable change and Bland and Altman plots. Construct validity (six weeks post-injury) and responsiveness (between six weeks and six months post-injury) were evaluated using the hypothesis testing method. RESULTS: A total of 248 patients (mean age: 46.5, SD: 13.4) participated, 145 patients completed the retest questionnaires (eight weeks) and 160 patients completed the responsiveness questionnaires (six months). The intraclass correlation coefficients indicated good to excellent reliability on all subscales (0.80 to 0.98). The smallest detectable change was 17.4 for the Upper Extremity Dysfunction subscale, 11.0 for the Lower Extremity Dysfunction subscales, 13.9 for the Problems with Daily Activities subscale and 16.5 for the Mental and Emotional Problems subscale. At group level, the smallest detectable change ranged from 1.48 to 1.96. A total of 86% of the construct validity hypotheses and 79% of the responsiveness hypotheses were confirmed. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the SMFA-NL has good to excellent reliability, sufficient construct validity and is able to detect change in physical function over time.

Pre-injury health status of injured patients: a prospective comparison with the Dutch population.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess whether injured patients have a different pre-injury health status compared to the Dutch population. METHODS: A broad range of injured patients (age ≥ 18 and ≤ 75 years) completed the condition-specific Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA-NL) and generic health-related quality of life questionnaire EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), within 2 weeks after patients sustained an injury. Patients reported their health status of the week before their injury. Scores were compared to the Dutch normative data of the questionnaires. Gender, age, educational level, relationship status, and comorbidity adjusted differences were calculated for the SMFA-NL. RESULTS: A total of 596 injured patients completed the questionnaires (response rate: 43%). Unadjusted pre-injury SMFA-NL scores of injured patients were significantly better compared to the Dutch normative data (ranging from + 2.4 to + 8.6 points, p < 0.001 for all subscales and indices). The unadjusted EQ-5D difference score was 0.05 points (p < 0.001) higher in the group of injured patients. Adjusted pre-injury scores were higher than the SMFA-NL normative data. Function index: + 3.6, p < 0.001, bother index: + 3.0, p < 0.001 upper extremity dysfunction: + 0.8, p = 0.2, lower extremity dysfunction: + 3.7, p < 0.001. Problems with daily activities: + 2.8, p = 0.001. Mental and emotional problems: + 6.8, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Injured patients reported a better pre-injury health status compared to the Dutch population. Patient characteristics explained an important part of the difference in health status between injured patients and the Dutch population.

Tuning and Probing the Distribution of Cu+ and Cu2+ Trap States Responsible for Broad-Band Photoluminescence in CuInS2 Nanocrystals.

The processes that govern radiative recombination in ternary CuInS2 (CIS) nanocrystals (NCs) have been heavily debated, but recently, several research groups have come to the same conclusion that a photoexcited electron recombines with a localized hole on a Cu-related trap state. Furthermore, it has been observed that single CIS NCs display narrower photoluminescence (PL) line widths than the ensemble, which led to the conclusion that within the ensemble there is a distribution of Cu-related trap states responsible for PL. In this work, we probe this trap-state distribution with in situ photoluminescence spectroelectrochemistry. We find that Cu2+ states result in individual "dark" nanocrystals, whereas Cu+ states result in "bright" NCs. Furthermore, we show that we can tune the PL position, intensity, and line width in a cyclic fashion by injecting or removing electrons from the trap-state distribution, thereby converting a subset of "dark" Cu2+ containing NCs into "bright" Cu+ containing NCs and vice versa. The electrochemical injection of electrons results in brightening, broadening, and a red shift of the PL, in line with the activation of a broad distribution of "dark" NCs (Cu2+ states) into "bright" NCs (Cu+ states) and a rise of the Fermi level within the ensemble trap-state distribution. The opposite trend is observed for electrochemical oxidation of Cu+ states into Cu2+. Our work shows that there is a direct correlation between the line width of the ensemble Cu+/Cu2+ trap-state distribution and the characteristic broad-band PL feature of CIS NCs and between Cu2+ cations in the photoexcited state (bright) and in the electrochemically oxidized ground state (dark).

Structural Validity of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment in Patients With Injuries.

Background: The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure, originally having 2 elements of outcome: the function index and the bother index. In multiple studies, it has been argued that the SMFA should be scored using 3, 4, or 6 subscales instead. Therefore, there is inconsistency with the number of underlying dimensions of the SMFA. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the various proposed subscale configurations of the SMFA in a broad range of Dutch patients with injuries. Design: This study used a prospective cohort design. Methods: Participants with injuries were asked to complete the Dutch SMFA (SMFA-NL) at 5 to 8 weeks postinjury. The structural validity of the 6 different factor structures that have been proposed in other studies was evaluated using confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach alpha. Results: A total of 491 patients participated (response rate = 74%). A 4-factor structure showed an acceptable fit (root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.070, comparative fit index = 0.973, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.971). Other models, including the original 2-index structure, showed insufficient structural validity in Dutch patients with injuries. The 4-factor structure showed sufficient discriminant validity and good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha ≥ 0.83). Limitations: It is unclear whether conclusions are generalizable across different countries, people who are elderly, and people without injuries. Conclusion: In a broad range of patients with injuries, the SMFA-NL may be best scored and interpreted using a 4-factor structure. Other factor structures showed insufficient structural validity.