ABSTRACT
Social isolation is necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic but can be harmful to mental health, especially in people with neurocognitive disorders. Although physical exercise can alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms and improve quality of life (QoL), sedentary behavior increased during the pandemic. Online interventions can contribute to improving physical activity and mental health. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the neuropsychiatric symptoms and QoL of older adults with neurocognitive disorders who participated in an online physical exercise program with sedentary patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 25 older patients with neurocognitive disorders (control group=11; online exercise group=14) were evaluated based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) scale. Results: There were differences between the two groups in the total NPI (U=36.50, p=0.025) and the nighttime behavior disturbances item (U=38.00, p=0.033), both with large effect sizes (ES=-1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]:-1.83 to -0.16 and ES=-1.06, 95%CI -1.86 to -0.19, respectively). In terms of QoL-AD, a difference was identified only in the memory subitem (U=20.00, p=0.005), with a large ES (1.59, 95%CI 0.59-2.48). Conclusions: Older adults with neurocognitive disorders who participated in an online physical exercise program, during the COVID-19 pandemic, showed fewer neuropsychiatric total symptoms, fewer nighttime disturbances episodes, and better subjective memory, compared to their physically inactive counterparts. Randomized controlled trials should be performed to better understand the effect of physical exercise in neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia patients during periods of social isolation.
O isolamento social é necessário na pandemia de COVID-19, mas pode impactar a saúde mental, especialmente em idosos com demência, dada a alta prevalência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Apesar da prática de exercícios físicos contribuir para a redução desses sintomas e a melhora da qualidade de vida, houve um aumento de comportamento sedentário durante a pandemia. Objetivo: Comparar os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e a qualidade de vida de idosos com distúrbios neurocognitivos que participaram de um programa de exercícios físicos online voltado a pacientes sedentários durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Neste estudo de corte transversal, 25 idosos diagnosticados com transtorno neurocognitivo (controle=11; exercícios online=14) foram avaliados por meio do inventário neuropsiquiátrico (INP) e da escala de qualidade de vida na doença de Alzheimer (QV-DA). Resultados: Observou-se diferença entre os grupos no INP total (U=36,50, p=0,025), com tamanho de efeito grande (effect size [ES]=-1,03, intervalo de confiança - IC95% -1,83 a -0,16), e no subdomínio sono (U=38,00, p=0,033), com tamanho de efeito grande (ES=-1,06, IC95% -1,86 a -0,19), favoráveis ao grupo fisicamente ativo. Na QV-DA, houve diferença entre os grupos apenas no subitem memória (U=20,00, p=0,005), com tamanho de efeito grande (ES=1,59, IC95% 0,59 a 2,48), não houve diferença na pontuação total (U=45,5, p=0,277). Conclusões: Idosos submetidos a rotina de exercícios físicos com supervisão online na pandemia de COVID-19 apresentam menos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, melhor qualidade de sono e memória quando comparados aos fisicamente inativos. Estudos randomizados controlados devem ser feitos para a melhor compreensão dos efeitos do exercício físico nos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos de pacientes com demência durante períodos de isolamento social.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mental disorders increase the risk factor for developing physical comorbidity conditions, such as cardiometabolic diseases. There is a high prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly population which hampers clinical response. Studies have shown that this positive correlation between the aging process and enhancement of physical comorbidities is especially high among older adults who live in low or middle income countries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physical disease comorbidities and polypharmacy in older adults with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or major depressive disorder (MDD), living in a middle income country. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of community-dwelling elderly individuals who are cognitively healthy and those with AD, MCI, or MDD. The severity scale of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was calculated to classify the severity of comorbidity condition. Logistic regression model (unadjusted and adjusted for age) were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for cardiometabolic comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and overweight), and polypharmacy. RESULTS: Although there was not an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among the groups, elderly people with mental disorders presented higher odds for polypharmacy condition. Polypharmacy was significantly higher for all groups in comparison with cognitively healthy participants: AD (OR 22.00, 95 % CI 6.11-79.11), MDD (OR 14.73, 95 % CI 3.69-58.75) and MCI (OR 10.31, 95 % CI 2.44-43.59). Elderly patients with AD presented more severe comorbidities and higher risks for dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with depression, dementia and mild cognitive impairment have considerably higher odds for polypharmacy. People with dementia also have greater comorbidity severity than those who are cognitively healthy. In middle income countries, there is an urgent need to focus on promoting age-appropriate health approaches for the elderly with mental illness to prevent the development of aggravated cardiometabolic conditions and polypharmacy.
