ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Recent publications have concluded that there are social health inequalities in people older than 65 years in Spain, especially among women and people with low socioeconomic status. Self-perceived health is an indicator that is related to the possibility of chronic disease, the use of health services, and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess inequalities in self-perceived health in relation to age, gender, socioeconomic factors, and functional dependence. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA criteria. An exhaustive search was performed in PubMed, WOK, Science Direct, EMBASE, IME, Cochrane, JSTOR, Ovid, Proquest, the BMJ Group and in Spanish doctoral theses up to April 2013. The quality of the studies was assessed by two independent editors through the Berra Tool. RESULTS: A total of 20 documents were selected. These studies were in agreement in the deterioration of self-perceived health among older people (except the oldest), in those with functional dependence, lower socioeconomic status, and in women. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that, among older people, inequalities in self-perceived health due to socioeconomic status and gender have persisted in time. Future research is needed to cast light on the factors determining the persistence of these inequalities among older people, so that specific health policies can be designed for this sector of the population.
Subject(s)
Health Status , Healthcare Disparities , Self Concept , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Independent Living , Male , Sexism , Socioeconomic Factors , SpainABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Latex Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Anaphylaxis/etiology , Anaphylaxis/diagnosis , Accidents, HomeABSTRACT
In view of the widespread opinion as to the lack of data for evaluating the results of the Primary Care reform which began in Spain in 1984, the conducting of a thematic and bibliometric analysis for the published evaluation studies is posed. The documents published within the 1984-2004 time period, located by means of systematic bibliographic search both in biomedical journals and in theses, reports or books on any of the components of Primary Care included within the proposed thematic classification and referred to scopes broader than one single healthcare center. Three complimentary search strategies were used: electronic databases, manual review of indexes and reference work quote-based searches. A total of 684 documents met the criteria for inclusion: 85% having been taken from biomedical journals, 12.3% having been doctoral theses, and 2.6% reports or books. Documents were located in 49 different journals (29 foreign), Atención Primaria (52.7%) being the journal having provided the largest number of articles. A total 12.7% of the articles were published in journals indexed in the SCI, and 8.6% in foreign journals. In 32% of the studies, the first author was working at a reformed healthcare center. Two-thirds of the evaluations revolved around the analysis of the process; the topics most often evaluated having been related to healthcare spending (pharmacy), the system organization (emergencies) and professional satisfaction. Broad-based documentation is provided with evaluations of primary care in Spain. Studies have been focused more on the evaluation of the process than on that of the results. Research in this field requires including studies not published in journals (theses and reports).
