Plant In Situ Hi-C Experimental Protocol and Bioinformatic Analysis.

Hi-C enables the characterization of the 0conformation of the genome in the three-dimensional nuclear space. This technique has revolutionized our ability to detect interactions between linearly distant genomic sites on a genome-wide scale. Here, we detail a protocol to carry out in situ Hi-C in plants and describe a straightforward bioinformatics pipeline for the analysis of such data, in particular for comparing samples from different organs or conditions.

Transcriptome Analysis Unveils Gln3 Role in Amino Acids Assimilation and Fluconazole Resistance in Candida glabrata.

After Candida albicans, Candida glabrata is one of the most common fungal species associated with candidemia in nosocomial infections. Rapid acquisition of nutrients from the host is important for the survival of pathogens which possess the metabolic flexibility to assimilate different carbon and nitrogen compounds. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nitrogen assimilation is controlled through a mechanism known as Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR). NCR is coordinated by the action of four GATA factors; two positive regulators, Gat1 and Gln3, and two negative regulators, Gzf3 and Dal80. A mechanism in C. glabrata similar to NCR in S. cerevisiae has not been broadly studied. We previously showed that in C. glabrata, Gln3, and not Gat1, has a major role in nitrogen assimilation as opposed to what has been observed in S. cerevisiae in which both factors regulate NCR-sensitive genes. Here, we expand the knowledge about the role of Gln3 from C. glabrata through the transcriptional analysis of BG14 and gln3Δ strains. Approximately, 53.5% of the detected genes were differentially expressed (DEG). From these DEG, amino acid metabolism and ABC transporters were two of the most enriched KEGG categories in our analysis (Up-DEG and Down-DEG, respectively). Furthermore, a positive role of Gln3 in AAA assimilation was described, as was its role in the transcriptional regulation of ARO8. Finally, an unexpected negative role of Gln3 in the gene regulation of ABC transporters CDR1 and CDR2 and its associated transcriptional regulator PDR1 was found. This observation was confirmed by a decreased susceptibility of the gln3Δ strain to fluconazole.

Influence of body mass index and type of low-level exercise on the side effect profile of regadenoson.

PURPOSE: Regadenoson, an A2A adenosine receptor pharmacologic stress agent for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), is administered as a single, fixed dose. We studied the side effect profile of regadenoson combined with two types of low-level exercise, according to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-six patients (46.1% men, mean age 67.7±10.7 years, range 31-90 years) underwent regadenoson stress testing combined with low-level exercise. Subjects were classified according to BMI as normal, overweight, or obese, and the type of low-level exercise performed as walking on the treadmill (TE group, n=190) or forcefully swinging legs while sitting (SS group, n=166). Patients' demographics, medical history, clinical symptoms during stress, changes in ECG, oxygen saturation (SatO2), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were evaluated. RESULTS: Groups were comparable (p=ns) with regard to cardiovascular risks factors. The incidence of side effects was similar across BMI (p=ns), although the TE patients showed improved profiles over those with SS exercise, with a significantly lower incidence of flushing, dizziness and nausea/gastrointestinal discomfort (12.9% vs. 28.4%; 19.9% vs. 33.4%; 11.4% vs. 19.2%, respectively; all p<0.05). Regarding the hemodynamic response, we did not observe significant changes in SBP and HR after regadenoson administration across BMI categories. Comparing the TE and SS groups, no significant changes were observed in SBP, but there was a higher increase in HR in the TE group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regadenoson in combination with low-level exercise is safe and well tolerated over a wide range of BMI, with TE exercise showing a better side effect profile than SS.

Meteorologically-driven circulation and flushing times of the Bay of Algeciras, Strait of Gibraltar.

A primitive-equation model has been used to investigate the meteorologically-driven circulation of the Bay of Algeciras. It is shown that the mean circulation of Atlantic Water (AW) is characterized by an anticyclonic cell, while Mediterranean Water (MW) follows a preferred cyclonic pathway. Meteorological forcing distorts substantially the AW mean circulation pattern, and only modulates that of the MW. Winds drive a vertical circulation cell in the Atlantic layer consistent with Ekman dynamics, whereas the horizontal circulation pattern is markedly dependent on the swift Atlantic jet entering the Mediterranean and changes from clearly anticyclonic to cyclonic as the jet separates or approaches the strait's northern shoreline. This occurs through atmospheric pressure-driven acceleration/deceleration of the jet, in agreement with internal hydraulics theory predictions. It is also found that the renewal of AW is largely modulated by tides, with meteorological forcing playing a secondary role. The opposite applies to the renewal of MW.

Comparative study of the safety of regadenoson between patients with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety of regadenoson, a selective agonist of A2A adenosine receptors, combined with low-level exercise, between subjects with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). METHODS: We studied 116 patients, of whom 67 had COPD and 49 asthma (62 % men, mean age 68.3 ± 11.3 years, range 31 - 87 years). Patient demographics, past medical history, medications, clinical symptoms during stress and changes in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable with regard to hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and medications with the exception of a higher rate of use of anticholinergics in patients with COPD and of antileukotrienes in asthmatics (58.2 % vs. 28.6 % and 1.5 % vs. 14.3 %, respectively; all p < 0.01). There was a higher incidence of dyspnoea in COPD patients and of headache and feeling hot in asthmatic patients (40.3 % vs. 22.4 %, 6 % vs. 18.4 % and 10.4 % vs. 26.5 %, respectively; all p < 0.05). Although there was no difference in the incidence of other adverse events, we observed a higher frequency in asthmatics of flushing, dry mouth, sweating and fatigue (1.5 % vs. 6.1 %, 14.9 % vs. 24.5 %, 0 % vs. 4.1 % and 37.3 % vs. 49 %, respectively). Adverse events were self-limiting, except in three patients who suffered persistent dyspnoea (2 of 67 COPD patients; 1 of 49 asthma patients) requiring theophylline administration. We observed no significant changes in BP among either group, but there was a tendency towards a higher increase in systolic BP in COPD patients following regadenoson administration (148.3 ± 27.6 vs. 154.6 ± 31.0 mmHg, p = 0.056). CONCLUSION: This study showed a good safety profile in our series of COPD and asthma patients undergoing MPI. Regadenoson was well tolerated by all patients, with dyspnoea, headache and feeling hot showing differences between groups.

Relations between the diffusion anomaly and cooperative rearranging regions in a hydrophobically nanoconfined water monolayer.

We simulate liquid water between hydrophobic walls, separated by 0.5 nm, to study how the diffusion constant D(∥) parallel to the walls depends on the microscopic structure of water. At low temperature T, water diffusion can be associated with the number of defects in the hydrogen bond network. However, the number of defects solely does not account for the peculiar diffusion of water, with maxima and minima along isotherms. Here, we calculate a relation that quantitatively reproduces the behavior of D(∥), focusing on the high-T regime. We clarify how the interplay between breaking of hydrogen bonds and cooperative rearranging regions of 1-nm size gives rise to the diffusion extrema in nanoconfined water.

Understanding diffusion and density anomaly in a coarse-grained model for water confined between hydrophobic walls.

We study, by Monte Carlo simulations, a coarse-grained model of a water monolayer between hydrophobic walls at partial hydration, with a wall-to-wall distance of about 0.5 nm. We analyze how the diffusion constant parallel to the walls, D(∥), changes and correlates to the phase diagram of the system. We find a locus of D(∥) maxima and a locus of D(∥) minima along isotherms, with lines of constant D(∥) resembling the melting line of bulk water. The two loci of D(∥) extrema envelope the line of temperatures of density maxima at constant P. We show how these loci are related to the anomalous volume behavior due to the hydrogen bonds. At much lower T, confined water becomes subdiffusive, and we discuss how this behavior is a consequence of the increased correlations among water molecules when the hydrogen bond network develops. Within the subdiffusive region, although translations are largely hampered, we observe that the hydrogen bond network can equilibrate, and its rearrangement is responsible for the appearance of density minima along isobars. We clarify that the minima are not necessarily related to the saturation of the hydrogen bond network.

[Salutogenic model analysis in Spain: application in public health and implications for asset health model]. / Análisis del modelo salutogénico en España: aplicación en salud pública e implicaciones para el modelo de activos en salud.

This article seeks to provide an in depth review about one of the most revolutionary and influential methods used in understanding the variables and processes that explain human health. Based on a new vision in the analysis of the consequences of the Nazi Holocaust, a doctor-sociologist--Aaron Antonovsky--managed to influence medicine and behavioral science by facilitating the keys for the optimal development of public health today. Despite the fact that this theory began appearing in the 1970s in the 20th century, its real development and expansion have been seen in recent years. In fact, in Spain, there is little scientific literature that analyses the theoretic keys of the model in depth. This work seek to cover this gap; to achieve this objective, it first presents how the construct of salutogenesis arose, the social-cultural context that promoted it, as well as the importance public health acquires today. This is the aim of this work, which analyses the theoretical bases of the salutogenesis model, with specific emphasis on its background and precursors, as well as its inception, development and current expansion.

Análisis del modelo salutogénico en España: aplicación en salud pública e implicaciones para el modelo de activos en salud / Salutogenic model analysis in Spain: application in public health and implications for asset health model

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de tratar en profundidad uno de los modelos más revolucionarios e influyentes para la comprensión de las variables y procesos que explican la salud humana. A partir de una nueva visión en el análisis de las consecuencias del holocausto nazi, un médico-sociólogo -Aaron Antonovsky-, consiguió influir en la medicina y la ciencia delcomportamiento, facilitando las claves para el óptimo desarrollo de la salud pública actual. A pesar de que esta teoría empezó a forjarse en los años 70 del siglo XX, su desarrollo real y su expansión están sucediendo en los últimos años. De hecho, enEspaña existe muy poca literatura con base científica que analice con detalle las claves teóricas del modelo. Este trabajo trata de cubrir esa carencia y, para ello, y en primer lugar, exponecómo surgió el constructo salutogénesis, el contexto sociocultural que lo impulsó, así como la importancia que adquiere enla salud pública actual. Con este objetivo, en estas páginas se analizan las bases teóricas del modelo salutogénico, con especial énfasis en sus antecedentes y precursores, así como en sus inicios, desarrollo y expansión actual(AU)

This article seeks to provide an in depth review about one of the most revolutionary and influential methods used in understanding the variables and processes that explain human health. Based on a new vision in the analysis of the consequences of theNazi Holocaust, a doctor-sociologist—Aaron Antonovsky— managed to influence medicine and behavioral science by facilitating the keys for the optimal development of public health today. Despite the fact that this theory began appearing in the1970s in the 20th century, its real development and expansion have been seen in recent years. In fact, in Spain, there is littlescientific literature that analyses the theoretic keys of the model in depth. This work seek to cover this gap; to achieve this objective, it first presents how the construct of salutogenesis arose, the social-cultural context that promoted it, as well as the importance public health acquires today. This is the aim of this work, which analyses the theoretical bases of the salutogenesis model,with specific emphasis on its background and precursors, aswell as its inception, development and current expansion(AU)

[Sex differences in body image, weight control and Body Mass Index of Spanish adolescents]. / Diferencias de sexo en imagen corporal, control de peso e Indice de Masa Corporal de los adolescentes españoles.

Sex differences in body image, weight control and Body Mass Index of Spanish adolescents. This research paper studied the differences among 21,811 adolescents (between the ages of 11 and 18) in key variables in the development of eating disorders, including the Body Mass Index, the perception of and satisfaction with their body image, and the behaviours used to control weight. In spite of the fact that the girls had a better adjusted BMI and a lesser degree of overweight and obesity, we found that they perceived themselves as being fatter, were less satisfied with body image, and the ones who dieted the most to lose weight. On the other hand, we found that the main reason for boys and girls to diet in an effort to lose weight was not their real body weight, but rather their perception of their own bodies, followed by just how satisfied they were with their bodies. Therefore, important differences are revealed between boys and girls in this article, which must be taken into consideration in the design and development of the various programs that are aimed at the prevention of problems with body image and diet behaviour.

Diferencias de sexo en imagen corporal, control de peso e Índice de Masa Corporal de los adolescentes españoles / Sex differences in body image, weight control and Body Mass Index of Spanish adolescents

Este estudio examinó las diferencias entre 21.811 chicos y chicas adolescentes (11-18 años) en variables clave en el desarrollo de trastornos de la alimentación, como son el Índice de Masa Corporal, la percepción y satisfacción con la imagen corporal y las conductas destinadas a controlar el peso. A pesar de que las chicas tenían una puntuación en el Índice de Masa Corporal más ajustada y presentaban un nivel menor de sobrepeso y obesidad, se encontró que eran ellas las que se percibían más obesas, las que estaban más insatisfechas con su imagen corporal y las que realizaban con más frecuencia dietas para adelgazar. Por otra parte, se encontró que la razón que mueve a chicos y chicas a realizar dietas para adelgazar no es el peso corporal real, sino la percepción que tienen de su cuerpo, en primer lugar, y cómo de satisfechos están con él, en segundo lugar. Por lo tanto, en este artículo se encuentran importantes diferencias entre chicos y chicas, a tener en cuenta en el diseño y desarrollo de los diversos programas que se destinen a la prevención de problemas con la imagen corporal y la conducta de hacer dieta (AU)

This research paper studied the differences among 21,811 adolescents (between the ages of 11 and 18) in key variables in the development of eating disorders, including the Body Mass Index, the perception of and satisfaction with their body image, and the behaviours used to control weight. In spite of the fact that the girls had a better adjusted BMI and a lesser degree of overweight and obesity, we found that they perceived themselves as being fatter, were less satisfied with body image, and the ones who dieted the most to lose weight. On the other hand, we found that the main reason for boys and girls to diet in an effort to lose weight was not their real body weight, but rather their perception of their own bodies, followed by just how satisfied they were with their bodies. Therefore, important differences are revealed between boys and girls in this article, which must be taken into consideration in the design and development of the various programs that are aimed at the prevention of problems with body image and diet behaviour (AU)

Critical wetting of a class of nonequilibrium interfaces: a computer simulation study.

Critical wetting transitions under nonequilibrium conditions are studied numerically and analytically by means of an interface-displacement model defined by a Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation, plus some extra terms representing a limiting, short-ranged attractive wall. Its critical behavior is characterized in detail by providing a set of exponents for both the average height and the surface order-parameter in one dimension. The emerging picture is qualitatively and quantitatively different from recently reported mean-field predictions for the same problem. Evidence is shown that the presence of the attractive wall induces an anomalous scaling of the interface local slopes.

Critical wetting of a class of nonequilibrium interfaces: a mean-field picture.

A self-consistent mean-field method is used to study critical wetting transitions under nonequilibrium conditions by analyzing Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) interfaces in the presence of a bounding substrate. In the case of positive KPZ nonlinearity a single (Gaussian) regime is found. On the contrary, interfaces corresponding to negative nonlinearities lead to three different regimes of critical behavior for the surface order parameter: (i) a trivial Gaussian regime, (ii) a weak-fluctuation regime with a trivially located critical point and nontrivial exponents, and (iii) a highly nontrivial strong-fluctuation regime, for which we provide a full solution by finding the zeros of parabolic-cylinder functions. These analytical results are also verified by solving numerically the self-consistent equation in each case. Analogies with and differences from equilibrium critical wetting as well as nonequilibrium complete wetting are also discussed.

Identifying wave-packet fractional revivals by means of information entropy.

Wave-packet fractional revivals is a relevant feature in the long time-scale evolution of a wide range of physical systems, including atoms, molecules, and nonlinear systems. We show that the sum of information entropies in both position and momentum conjugate spaces is an indicator of fractional revivals by analyzing three different model systems: (i) the infinite square well, (ii) a particle bouncing vertically against a wall in a gravitational field, and (iii) the vibrational dynamics of hydrogen iodide molecules. This description in terms of information entropies complements the usual one in terms of the autocorrelation function.

Kardar-Parisi-Zhang interfaces bounded by long-ranged potentials.

We study unbinding transitions of a nonequilibrium Kardar-Parisi-Zhang interface in the presence of long-ranged substrates. Both attractive and repulsive substrates, as well as positive and negative Kardar-Parisi-Zhang nonlinearities, are considered, leading to four different physical situations. A detailed comparison with equilibrium wetting transitions as well as with nonequilibrium unbinding transitions in systems with short-ranged forces is presented, yielding a comprehensive picture of unbinding transitions and of their classification into universality classes. These nonequilibrium transitions may play a crucial role in the dynamics of the wetting or growth of systems with intrinsic anisotropies.