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1.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17018416

ABSTRACT

The work described in this paper presents an evaluation of disinfection by-products generation in four different biological treatment plant effluents, making use of sodium hypochlorite and sodium ferrate (IV) at varying concentration and reaction time. Correlations between pH, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, ammonium nitrogen, combined chlorine and trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were carried out. Disinfection by-products generation presented a direct relation with concentration and sodium hypochlorite reaction time. For the highest hypochlorite concentration employed (20 mg L(-1)) and highest reaction time (168 h), the THMs total did not exceed 312.96 microg L(-1), a value that lies below the Brazilian emission standard for treated effluents (1 mg L(-1) of chloroform). The THMs presented an inverse correlation with ammonium nitrogen, when inverse (R(2) = 0.646; P < 0.001) and exponential (R(2) = 0.707; P < 0.001) function were used. As per HAAs this same relation was observed for logarithmic (R(2) = 0.0397 P < 0.001) and exponential (R(2) = 0.508; P < 0.001) functions. The more nitrified the effluent, the bigger the chlorinated disinfection by-product generation. The disinfectant sodium ferrate (IV) does not lead to halogenated by-product formation.


Subject(s)
Acetates/analysis , Disinfectants/chemistry , Iron/chemistry , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Sodium Hypochlorite/chemistry , Sodium/chemistry , Trihalomethanes/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Brazil , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Industrial Waste , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis , Sewage , Time Factors , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Water Purification/methods
2.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 9(4): 329-334, out.-dez. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-406808

ABSTRACT

A redução do número de enfermidades produzidas, direta ou indiretamente, pelos resíduos sólidos depende de uma coleta eficiente e de uma adequada disposição final. Com as informações obtidas da aplicação de um questionário enviado aos municípios sul rio-grandenses divididos em sete regiões homogêneas, foram desenvolvidos indicadores e, por meio de procedimentos estatísticos não paramétricos, estruturados oito índices (índices específicos) que formaram um índice geral de controle de qualidade dos serviços de limpeza urbana. O artigo apresenta um sumário e um exemplo da metodologia utilizada para a criação do índice de Impacto dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na Saúde Pública (IIRSP), o qual mais diretamente espelha a relação Resíduos sólidos-homem-saúde pública.


Subject(s)
Environment , Environment , Garbage , Health Evaluation , Solid Waste , Solid Waste Collection , Solid Waste Discharge , Solid Waste Processing , Urban Cleaning , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology
3.
In. Asociación Interamericana de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental; Asociación Argentina de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente. Ingeniería ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible. Buenos Aires, AIDIS, 1994. p.20, tab. (64242).
Monography in Portuguese | BINACIS | ID: bin-64242
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